ELEPIIAS PRIMIGENIUS.—PES. 
171 
The following may be considered as average dimensions of this bone in the 
Mammoth. In the British Museum the calcaneum figured in Beechey’s ‘ Voyage of the 
Blossom/ 1 from the Arctic Regions, is 6f inches in length by 5 in its maximum breadth. 
Another large specimen from the same region has a maximum length of 10, and a maxi¬ 
mum breadth of 7|, inches. The last displays a broad upper surface, and is therefore 
exceptional as compared with the generality of Mammoths’ calcanea. The calcaneum of 
E. antiquus, No. 27,940, B. M. (PI. XIX, fig. 2), from Grays, Essex, is by 5 inches 
in breadth; its facets for the astragal will be seen to differ in their contours as 
compared with the Mammoth (fig. 1), the outer being nearly four-sided, whilst it is 
ovoid in E. antiquus, and the inner, which is triangular and deeply notched externally 
in the former, is crescentic in the latter. The interosseous pit is less open anteriorly 
and posteriorly in the Mammoth (fig. 1) than in E. antiquus (fig. 2). The heel is also 
more prominent in the Mammoth. 
Naviculare presents no important diagnostic characters as regards species. 
The dimensions of No. 27,931, B. M., from Walton, in Essex, are 6 in breadth by 
3j inches in height, and most probably represent that of the Mammoth. 
Cuboid. —A comparison of several cuboids of the Mammoth with those of the 
two recent species seems to show that, whilst the external and internal sides are sub¬ 
equal in length in the African, they are about equal in the Mammoth and Asiatic. 
The navicular and calcaneal surfaces are separated by a deep furrow in the Asiatic, 
but not apparently in the African; nor is it the case in three cuboids of the Mammoth, 
in which the calcaneal facet is perfectly horizontal. 
Q 
The cuboid, No. ggg Brady Collection, from Ilford, misprinted in the Catalogue 
as a meso-cuneiforme, is 3'4X.2'2 in its shorter diameter. It is considerably below the 
average of Arctic specimens, but adds to the overwhelming evidence, already adduced, 
of the small race which lived in South-eastern England during the deposition of the 
brick-earths and gravels of the Thames Valley. 
External cuneiforme. —The only point worthy of record in connection with this 
bone is the absence of the anterior facets for the middle cuneiforme in the majority of 
specimens of the Asiatic; but there are exceptions, as shown in the cuneiforme, No. 2543, 
of an old Elephant from India, in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of 
England, where the two facets are present, as in the African, 708 h, B. M. In the 
Mammoth, as far as a few instances show, this facet is wanting. 
Middle cuneiforme. —This bone varies, as does the next, in configuration and characters 
of the facets, showing that there is seemingly considerable individual irregularity, both 
in the recent and extinct species. The points of difference are fully noted in my 
Monograph on the Maltese Fossil Elephants. 2 These refer to the apex being more 
1 Plate ii, fig. 10. 
3 ‘ Trans. Zool, Soc. London, vol, vi, p. 87. 
24 
