ELEPHAS MERIDIONALIS.—TRUE MOLARS. 
195 
28 820 ? • 
No. — 4 — ’ B. M., from Yal d’Arno, is apparently a second true molar of the right side, 
A 
lower jaw. It holds x 11 x in 10 X 3% and six ridges in 5‘5 inches. Eight discs 
are invaded, with large digitations; there is also arcuation of the crown, a character not 
uncommon in E. meridionalis, notwithstanding the usual shortness of its molars as 
compared with E. antiquus. 
Falconer gives examples of this tooth in the Tuscan Museum as follows:—Upper, 
x 9 x in 9x4, and x 10 x in 8'75 X 3‘5 inches ; Lower x 9 x in 7'8x3'3 inches. 
Logard 1 2 figures several teeth from Central and Southern France, perhaps referable to 
E. meridionalis, with other crowns decidedly of the type of E. antiquus. 
Ultimate or Third True Molar. 
The fragment of a tooth (No. 7456, B. M.), described and figured by Falconer, 3 
is supposed to have come from the “ Oyster Beds ” of Mundesley or Happisbokough, 
on the Norfolk coast. 
This portion of a tooth has all the characters of E. antiquus rather than of E. 
meridionalis, to which he has referred it. The anterior fang remains in part with 1,- 8 x, 
or nine and a half ridges. There is pronounced crimping of the middle of the discs with 
a tendency to central expansion. The specimen at all events is unsatisfactory as a 
typical instance of the last tooth of E. meridionalis. 
No. 10 a of the Norwich Museum, recorded by Falconer, 3 is another fragmentary 
molar. The general features of the crown are well shown in his plates, and the 
characters faithfully described. The only exception I take to his description is the 
statement that “ the plates of enamel are very thick.” To me they appear in no way 
remarkable in that respect in comparison with E. antiquus, seeing that teeth of the 
latter from the above deposits often show much thicker enamel. There is faint crimping 
along the external borders of the macheerides, with pronounced undulations of the 
enamelled cords. This tooth is altogether characteristic of E. antiquus , whose dental 
conditions not unfrequently connect it with E. meridionalis by the absence of deep-set 
crimping, the undulating enamelled borders, and excess of cement between the plates, 
together with close relationships of breadth to height and length. This example is 
unfortunately advanced in wear, with several of the anterior ridges worn away, leaving 
9 x in 9 - 2x3'6 inches, so that its original formula is not preserved. 
No. 13 a, Norwich Museum, is also described and figured by the same author. 4 The 
1 ‘ Archives du Mus. Hist, de Lyon,’ pi. xv, fig. 4 ; pi. xxi, figs. 2, 3, and 4 ; pi. xx, figs. 4 and 5 ; 
pi. xix, figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4. 
2 Op. eit., vol. ii, p. 137 ; and ‘ F. A. S.,’ pi. xivB, figs. 13 and 13 a. 
3 Op. cit., vol. ii, p. 137, pi. viii, fig. 4. and ‘F. A, S.,’ pi. xiv b, figs. 14 and 14 a. 
4 Op. cit., vol. ii, p. 138 ; ‘F. A. S.,’ pi. xiv b, figs. 15 and 15 a. 
