ELEPHAS MERIDIONALS.—DENTITION. 
207 
timate milk-molars of the three species, as shown in PI. I, fig. 3, PI. V, fig. 2, PI. XII, 
fig. 3, PL VI, fig. 2, PI. X, fig. 3, and PI. XXII, fig. 3 a, are in favour of that of E. 
meridionalis presenting in general a broader crown from the middle posteriorly than in 
the two other extinct Elephants. 
Ultimate milk-molar. —Taking the British and Italian specimens recorded in the 
foregoing pages, this tooth appears to vary between seven and eight plates, besides 
talons. Out of eleven examples six show a ridge formula of x 8 x and five of x 7 x. 
The dimensions vary as follows:—In upper molars the length is from 4 - 4 inches to 4'6 
inches, and the breadth from 1'4 to 2'5 inches; in the mandible these measurements are 
respectively 3'9 to 4‘8 inches, and l - 7 to 2 - 8 inches in width. The general absence of 
crimping, the pronounced channelling, thick plates, abundant cement, the low height in 
proportion to breadth, so pronounced in true molars of E. meridionalis, are well shown 
in this member of the series. These are evident by comparing PI. XVII, fig. 8, with the 
same tooth in E. antiquus and E. primigenius (PI. I, fig. 4, PL XI, fig. 1 a, and 
PI. XII, fig. 2), erroneously recorded in the explanation of the latter plate as a penulti¬ 
mate instead of an ultimate milk-molar. 
First true molar. —Allowing for the difficulty always in discriminating between small¬ 
sized first true molars and the last of the milk series, I find that out of three upper and 
four lower entire teeth, the ridge formula varies from x 7 x to x 9 x. The majority show 
the figure of x 8 x. The maximum lengths are 7 inches, and, the minimum 5'3 inches, 
whilst the breadths vary from 2 to 3 inches. 
This tooth in general displays more distinctly-marked specific characters than the last 
milk-molar, especially in well-worn crowns, such as shown on PL XXII, fig. 1, which 
may he compared with Pl. III, fig. 2, of E. antiquus, and PL XI, fig. 2, and Pl. XXI, 
fig. 1, of E. primigenius. 
Second true molar. —I have recorded seven entire molars belonging to this member of 
the series, viz. three upper and four lower. The ridge formula in the above varies from 
x 9 x to x 11 x in both jaws. The greatest length is 10 inches, and maximum breadth 
4 inches, whilst the minimum length is 7'8 inches, and breadth 3 - 2 inches. Perhaps the 
majority of second true molars hold about nine plates exclusive of talons. 
This tooth, always a valuable exponent of specific distinctions, is represented from 
British strata by several very characteristic fragmentary or entire specimens. 
A comparison of Pl. XXIII, fig. 1, with the same molar of E. antiquus (Pl. II, fig. 1, 
and PL IV, fig. 2), shows the absence of crimping, greater breadth in proportion to 
length and height, and excess of cement, even as compared with the thick-plated variety 
of that species; whilst as regards E. primigenius (PL IX, fig. 1, and PL XII, fig. 1) 
these discrepancies are still more pronounced. 
Ultimate true molar. —Among the numerous instances of this ponderous tooth met 
with on the Norfolk Coast, I find eight entire specimens, viz. two upper and six lower, 
from which the following data are determinable. 
