214 
BRITISH FOSSIL ELEPHANTS. 
appendicular as well as the axial elements of skeletons. Taking the complete skeleton 
of the famous “ Choonee ” of India in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of 
England as a standard of the Asiatic Elephant, we find its humerus is 35 inches in length 
and the height of the skeleton at the commencement of the dorsal region is 103 inches. 
The huge humerus in Miss A. Gurney’s Collection in the Norwich Museum has a maximum 
length of 53 inches. This specimen, as compared with the above, would give a height of 
156 inches or 13 feet, being one foot over that of the largest recorded recent African 
Elephant, which rarely attains the maximum height of 12 feet at the withers. 
Before proceeding to the consideration of the characters of the humerus inferred to 
belong to E. meridionals, it will be necessary to refer to the humerus of E. antiquus as 
recorded at page 57. In addition to the data there given, I have acquired the following 
furthe r evidences since the publication of my memoir. 
In a valuable collection of Mammalian remains from Ilford, recently bequeathed to 
the Jermyn Street Museum by the late Dr. Cotton, are numerous teeth and bones of 
E. primigenius and several relics of E. antiquus. 
The superb humerus, No. 18, represented on Plate XYI, fig. 6, has lost the greater 
part of the large tuberosity, and the head is slightly injured, but otherwise it is entire. 
The dimensions are given in the Table opposite. The noteworthy points in comparison 
with the humeri of other species may be indicated as follows : 
1. The supinator ridge descends more perpendicularly from the shaft (fig. 6 a), and is 
more horizontal towards its apex (fig. 6), than in any of the other species; the nearest 
approach to it seen is the humerus of E. meridionals (fig. 2). 
2. The internal condyloid ridge (fig. 6 a), in proportion to the size of the bone, is 
narrower than in the Mammoth (fig. 1 a) and E. meridionals (fig. 2 a), but not more 
so than in the E. Asiaticus (fig. 4 a). 
3. The contours of the external and internal articular surfaces of the condyles (fig. 6 b) 
show more expansive surfaces than in any of the allied species, especially E. meridionals 
(fig. 3). The concavity of the inferior border of the articular surface (fig. 6 b) is deeper 
and more central than in the other two extinct Elephants and the recent species, whilst 
the trochlear depression is more circular than in them. 
In all these characters the above humerus agrees with the specimens already 
described at p. 58 and referred to E. antiquus, and with which, I think, it may be fairly 
included. 
The following Table represents the dimensions of the humerus in full-grown indi¬ 
viduals of the recent and certain extinct Elephants. 
