ELEPHAS MERIDIONALIS.—HUMERUS. 
215 
Entire 
length. 
Smallest 
girth. 
Girth 
proximal 
ex¬ 
tremity. 
Girth 
distal 
ex¬ 
tremity. 
Width 
distal 
articular 
surface. 
Dimensions of 
articular sur¬ 
face of head 
(by tape). 
No. 2744, R. C. S. E., E. Asiaticus, PI. XYI, fig. 4... 
36\5 
16-5 
33-5 
27 
8-5 
7'5 X 7 
708h, B. M., E. Africanus, PI. XVI, fig. 5. 
35-5 
13-1 
29-5 
24 
7-8 
7-9 X 7 
23,151, B. M., E. antiquus . 
41 
22-5 
Lost 
7 
7 
13 X 10-5 
18, Cotton Collection, E. antiquus, PL XVI, fig. 6 .. 
41-4 
m 
32 
8-5 
10 x 7'8 
36,700, B. M., E. Namadicus . 
47 
? 
45 
7 
7 
30,531, B. M., E. primigenius, PI. XVI, fig. 1.. 
34 
135 
25-5 
8 
9x6 
j-gg, B. M., Brady Collection, E. primigenius . 
287 
11-8 
27'8 
20-5 
6-5 
9x5 
200, Gunn Collection, Norwich Museum, E. meridio¬ 
nalis, PI. XVI, fig. 2 1 . 
Miss A. Gurney’s Collection, Norwich Museum. 
51 
22 
45 
40 
11-5 
15 x 9’5 
53 
26'6 
39 
13 
15 X 10-5 
Norwich Museum, E. meridionalis . 
Norwich Museum, E. meridionalis, PI. XVI, fig. 3 2 ... 
45 
37 
10 
13-5 x 12 
B. M., Val d’Arno; ‘Pal. Mem.,’ vol. ii, p. 143 ... 
47 
32 
13 
With reference to E. meridionalis, there are other portions of articular surfaces and 
pieces of shafts in the Norwich Museum, and in several private collections, representing 
fully as large, if not larger, colossal Elephants than the foregoing. The distal end of an 
enormous arm-bone, No. 33,396, B. M., from Happisborough, Norfolk coast, has a 
breadth of articular surface of 11 inches. Notably, the inner condyle is proportionally 
larger than in E. primigenius and the humerus in the Cotton Collection. The ginglymus 
is 6 inches in thickness, and 11^ by tape in the antero-posterior direction; and the inner 
condyle, by the same appliance, furnishes an antero-posterior length of 16‘5 inches 
against 14'5 of the outer condyle. 
One point is very striking in the majority of these enormous bones in comparison 
with humeri of very old individuals of, at all events, the Mammoth and recent species, 
that is, the general absence of pronounced ridges, in place of which there is a general 
smoothness of the surface, as seen in bones of adolescent animals, -whilst the epiphyses, 
which are the last to become anchylosed, are all firmly united. The absence of promi¬ 
nent ridges might tend to the belief that these colossal Proboscideans were tardy in their 
movements and seldom given to active muscular exertion. 
Referring to PI. XVI, the more distinctive characters of the humerus of the E. 
meridionalis (figs. 2 and 3), as compared with the two extinct and the two receut species, 
appear to me as follows : 
1. It is stouter than that of E. antiquus, and rather more so than in E. primigenius, 
and much more so than in either of the recent Elephants. 
1 The external condyle by tape in the antero-posterior measurement is 12J inches, and the internal 
13^ inches ; the width of the bicipital groove is inches. 
2 The antero-posterior measurement by tape of the outer condyle is 9 inches, and the inner 
10f inches, and of the central portion of the ginglymus 9g inches. 
