GENERAL SUMMARY. 
231 
the three forms of Elephants, 1 and shall now proceed to a more general epitome of the 
diagnostic values attached to the dental series of each species. 
Dentition of Dlephasprimigenius. 
Permanent incisor very long, spiral, and not remarkably thick near the alveolus; 
abnormalities not uncommon. (Pis. VI and VII.) 
General characters of molar series. —Great breadth as compared with length ; narrow 
and crowded ridges ; tenuity of elements; absence of crimping generally ; narrow disks; 
abnormalities pretty common. 
Molars. —A pre-antepenultimate milk-molar has bepn inferred to be occasionally 
found. The first milk-molar varies from five to six ridges, including talons, the second 
from eight to eleven ridges, the third from eleven to fourteen ridges; the first true molar 
from eleven to seventeen ridges, the second from sixteen to eighteen ridges, the third 
from twenty to twenty-nine, or more, ridges. (Pis. VI—XIV, PI. XX, fig. 3, and 
PI. XXI, fig. 1.) 
Dentition of Dlephas antiquus. 
Permanent incisor curved gently, like the recent species; thick at the alveolus and 
narrowing gradually towards the tip. 3 
General characters of molar series. —Crown generally narrow compared with the 
length ; high ridges; enamel various, but usually thicker than in D. primigenius; crimp¬ 
ing of machaerides ; central expansion and angulation of the disk ; all the elements of the 
crown well developed; discs not aggregated; frequent abnormalities. 
Molars. —The first milk-molar varies from four to five ridges, including talons, the 
second from seven to ten ridges, the third ten to thirteen ridges; the first true molar 
from eleven to fourteen ridges, the second from fourteen to fifteen ridges, the third from 
seventeen to twenty-three ridges. (Pis. I—V, PI. XII, fig. 3, and PI. XX, figs. 1 
and 2.) 
1 Pages 65 and 185. 
2 The large collection of Mammoth’s tusks from Ilford, in the Brady Collection, British Museum, 
shows considerable variability in the degree of curvature, and, as before observed (p. 8), there is one 
perfectly straight, or nearly so. This solitary specimen, Mr. Davies suggested, in the Catalogue (p. 28), 
might have appertained to E. antiquus , but I have shown that straight tusks are occasionally developed in 
the recent species, whilst, on the other hand, the only authenticated incisor of E. antiquus from 
Bracklesham Bay seems to show a curvature like that of the recent species ; moreover, if the tusk was 
straight no one would have noted the circumstance sooner than Dr. Falconer, who saw the last-named 
specimen and another at Syracuse (‘Pal. Mem.,’ vol. ii, p. 188). I revert to these facts on account of 
Professor Boyd Dawkins’s paper “On the Classification of the Tertiary Period,” ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 
London, vol. xxxvi, p. 379, and ‘ Early Man in Britain,’ p. 104, in which he calls E. antiquus the 
“ straight-tusked Elephant.” 
