i6o 
TREES AS GOOD CITIZENS 
is attached a wire chain or cable of proper length to 
connect the two bolts firmly and to hold the limbs tightly 
in their relation to each other. By screwing up the nuts 
the connection may be tightened slightly, either at the 
time of insertion or in case of future need. Instead of 
the wire chain or cable connection, a turnbuckle center 
may be used, as giving more 
freedom in tightening or 
loosening the strain on the 
bolts, but this is practicable 
only when the limbs are 
quite close together. 
In guying limbs, as in 
bracing trunks, it must be 
remembered that a coating 
of tar or creosote should be 
given the hole and edges of 
the bark where cut. 
If more than two limbs 
are involved in a split, they 
may be guyed in combina¬ 
tion. 
Improper method of chaining a tree. Dot- T • r i . . • 
ted Une shows more effective method, b. bolt. it IS OI tile UtmOSt impor¬ 
tance that guying should 
never be done by means of an encircling wire or other 
girdle about tree or limbs. With growth of the tree the 
girdle will cut into the bark, interfere with the proper flow 
of sap and in time shut it off entirely and thus cause the 
death of the part above the girdle. To wrap a wire around 
a tree for any purpose is almost certain to cause death. 
When the loss of bark almost or entirely encircles a 
tree, a process known as bridge grafting may reunite the 
upper and lower edges of the remaining bark, and thus 
sometimes reestablish the flow of sap. The grafting is 
