146 CAVES, FISSURES, AND GRAVEL PROVE THE SAME DELUGE. 
greater part of Europe : and in the case of the German caves, by the 
identity of one of their extinct species of bear with that found in the di¬ 
luvial gravel of Upper Austria; and of the extinct hyaena with that of 
the gravel at Canstadt, in the valley of the Keeker; at Horden, near 
Herzberg in the Hartz ; at Eichstadt, in Bavaria; the Val d’Arno, in 
Italy; and Lawford, in Warwickshire. To these may be added the 
extinct rhinoceros, elephant, and hippopotamus, which are common to 
gravel beds as well as caves; and hence it follows, that the period at 
which the earth was inhabited by all the animals in question was 
that immediately antecedent to the formation of those superficial and 
almost universal deposits of loam and gravel, which it seems impossible 
to account for unless we ascribe them to a transient deluge, affecting 
universally, simultaneously, and at no very distant period, the entire 
surface of our planet *. 
* I have much pleasure in referring my readers to two short and excellent papers 
in the Philosophical Transactions for 1794, Part II., by the Margrave of Anspach and 
the ever-memorable John Hunter; the former describing the caves of Gailenreuth, and 
the latter their organic remains, in a manner which cannot fail to be highly interesting to 
those who have followed me in my present description of them. 
The account given by his Serene Highness is accurate and spirited; and it had not 
escaped him that the stalagmitic crust of the floor did not reach down to the bottom of 
the cave, but that there was a collection of what he calls animal rubbish between it and 
the actual floor of solid rock; but he overlooks the existence of pebbles, and adopts the 
two common errors of considering the diluvial loam as animal earth, and stating that the 
bones are found sticking every where in the sides of the cave, as w T ell as lying on the 
bottom. I have more than once explained the source of this mistake, and pointed out 
the limitation within which the assertion is to be received. 
Mr. Hunter accompanies his description of the bones with some curious speculations 
on the revolutions which may have affected the earth s surface, and some general 
observations on the different state of preservation of fossil animal remains; and con¬ 
cludes, as Cuvier has done since, with regard to the bones in the cave of Gailenreuth 
