160 BRECCIA OF FISSURES AND CAVES CONTEMPORANEOUS. 
that among the remains discovered at Tarifa, is the tusk of an 
elephant, the chord of whose curve is six feet, and that the greatest 
quantity of osseous breccia is in a cave opposite Ceuta *. 
All these circumstances concur to establish, as far as any evidence 
short of personal examination can establish, an identity of time in the 
formation of the osseous breccia, in the fissures and caves of Gibraltar, 
and the coast and islands of the Mediterranean, with that of the 
bones which occur in the caves and fissures of Germany and Eng¬ 
land ; and to show, that in each case, the period in which the animal 
remains were introduced to them was that immediately preceding 
the inundation, which superadded the mud and pebbles in which they 
are now enveloped. 
In the adjacent country of Spain, Mr. Bowles has described some 
caves at Concud, near Teruel, in Arragon, in a rock of Shelly lime¬ 
stone, in which they find bones and teeth of ox, horse, ass, sheep, 
and other animals; some solid, and in the state of common grave 
bones, others calcined and falling to powder; and also human bones, 
of which the cavities are full of crystalline matter. These in some 
cases lie in loose earth with rolled pebbles, in others they are united 
into blocks of hard rock, from four to eight feet long. The details of 
Mr. Bowles’s description are given by M. Cuvier, and though they are 
indistinct, it yet seems probable, that here also as at Gibraltar, and 
* The extensive alluvial calcareous rock here spoken of is the same which I have 
called diluvium, and its consolidated state probably arises from the abundance of calca¬ 
reous matter which pervades it. A similar consolidation occurs in the calcareous dilu¬ 
vium I have before mentioned as containing the bones of bears at Kremsminster, in Upper 
Austria; and is very common in all countries, in the case of gravel beds that contain a 
large proportion of calcareous pebbles, or calcareous sand. 
