FOUND UNDER THE STREETS OF LONDON AND OXFORD. 175 
grand sewer, near Charles-street, on the east of Waterloo Place. At 
Kingsland, near Hoxton, in 1806, an entire elephant’s skull was dis¬ 
covered, containing two tusks of enormous length, as well as the 
grinding-teeth: they have also been frequently found at Ilford, on 
the road from London to Harwich, and, indeed, in almost all the 
gravel-pits round London. The teeth are of all sizes, from the milk- 
teeth to those of the largest and most perfect growth; and some of 
them show all the intermediate and peculiar stages of change to 
which the teeth of modern elephants are subject. In the gravel-pits 
at Oxford and Abingdon, teeth and tusks, and various bones of the 
elephant, are found mixed with the bones of rhinoceros, horse, ox, 
hog, and several species of deer, often crowded together in the samb 
pit, and seldom rolled or rubbed at the edges, although they have not 
been found united in entire skeletons # . 
In the Ashmolean Museum there are some vertebral', and a thigh¬ 
bone of an enormous elephant, at least sixteen feet high, which are in 
the most delicate state of preservation, and were found in the gravel 
at Abingdon four or five years ago. In the same pit with them were 
collected also fragments of sixteen horns of deer. These bones and 
horns are extremely soft and brittle whilst wet, but harden by 
drying: they are not in the smallest degree mineralised, but retain 
less of their animal matter than those which have been laid in clay or 
loam; they are very adherent to the tongue. About three years since 
* For a further detail of the gravel beds of Oxford, Witham Hill, and Bagley 
Wood, and of the* organic remains contained in them, I must again refer to chap. xvii. 
of Dr. Kidd’s Geological Essays. 
