BOTANY. 251 
— The thin outside coat of the hark, which seems to be with¬ 
out life, and often transparent; very conspicuous in birch, &c. 
2. Cellular Integument. — The substance between the cuticle and 
bark, often green, easily seen in the elder. 3. Bark. — The inner 
strong fibrous part of the covering of vegetables. 4. Camb. — 
The mucilaginous substance, which, in the spring of the year, 
abounds between the bark and the wood of trees. 5. Wood. 
— The most solid part of the trunks and roots of trees and 
herbs. 6. Pith. — The spongy substance in the centre of the 
stems and roots of most plants. Large in the elder. 
Roots are the descending parts of vegetables, and are annual, 
lasting one year; biennial , lasting two years; and 'perennial, 
lasting many years. They are of seven sorts — 1. Branching. 
— The whole root being divided into parts as it proceeds down¬ 
ward, as the oak, &c. 2. Fibrous. — The whole root consisting 
of filiform parts, originating from the base of the stem, as ma¬ 
ny of the grasses. 3. Creeping. — Extending itself horizon¬ 
tally, and sending out fibrous radicles, as mint, gill-overground, 
&c. 4. Spindle. — Thick at the top, and tapering downward, 
as carrot, parsnip, &c. 5. Tuberous. — Roots which are thick 
and fleshy, but not of a regular globular form ; they are knobbed, 
as the potato, oval, as those of orchis, abrupt, as the birdsfoot- 
violet, or fascicled, as asparagus. 6. Bulbous. — Fleshy and 
spherical; they are either solid, as the turnip, coated, as the 
onion, or scaly, as the garden-lily. 7. Granulated. — Consist¬ 
ing of several little knobs in the form of grains, strung together 
along the sides of a filiform radicle, as the wood-sorrel. 
The term herbage includes all the plant excepting the root 
and fructification. It includes the stems, leaves, and appenda¬ 
ges. Of stems, we have the tidge, as the trunk of the oak, 
grape-vine, mullein, &c.; the culm, as the stem of wheat, gras¬ 
ses, sugarcane, &c.; the scape, as the bare stem of the dande¬ 
lion ; the peduncle, as the flower-bearing stem of the apple-tree, 
cucumber-vine, &c.; the petiole, the footstalk of the leaf; the 
frond, which applies entirely to cryptogamous plants; and in¬ 
cludes the substances from which the fruits are produced; the 
stipe, as the stem of a fern, of a fungus, a mushroom, &c. 
