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of it: the kramcc or court speech, and the ngoko or vulgar 
dialect. Something of the same kind obtains in Malay, 
where we have the bahasa dcdam and the bahasa dccgang , 
or “ Eaja Malay,” and “ bazaar Malay,” as they are often 
termed. But the two dialects of Javanese are more dis¬ 
tinct. The krctma appears to be a factitious language 
made by changing all familiar words either by altering 
their terminations, or by adopting words from other lan¬ 
guages, and is undoubtedly a modification of Javanese 
by the Hindu conquerors. It is used by every one in 
addressing a person of higher rank than the speaker, 
while the person thus addressed replies in the ngoko , 
which includes tutoiement among its peculiarities. From 
this custom it is evident that the lower the rank of the 
individual, the more frequently he is called upon to use 
the krama , and the curious result ensues that the poorer 
class speak the court language far better than do those 
of high rank. In writing, this court language is always 
used, though addresses and proclamations are in the 
vulgar tongue. Still another language, a species of 
mixture between these two, appears to be in use—the 
madyo —which is employed among intimates, as is also 
the ngoko. 
The kaivi , first brought prominently into notice by 
the labours of Wilhelm von Humboldt, was the ancient 
or religious language, and bears the same relation to the 
ngoko that Sanscrit does to the modern languages of 
Hindustan. In Bali and Lombok it is still the language 
of the priesthood, but in Java it is entirely a dead tongue, 
only found in ancient inscriptions and manuscripts. Kawi 
literature is abundant, and is wholly metrical, consisting 
of romances and histories founded on Hindu legends and 
ancient Javanese story, the authors and dates of which are 
entirely unknown. 
