BORNEO 
221 
table remains are chiefly, but not entirely, in the lower 
part of the stratum. Sparingly among them, but more 
abundantly in the upper half of the thickness of the bed, 
are found a good many casts of bivalve shells, much like 
some species of Unio.” In some adjacent beds of shale 
are found marine shells consisting of species of Cardium , 
Tridacna , Area , Ostrea , Tellina , Murex , Turbo , Gerithium , 
and Pecten , all genera now living in the adjacent seas. 
It is remarkable that such an evidently recent forma¬ 
tion should be so much upheaved, the coal-measures of 
Labuan and Brunei dipping from an angle of 24° to 
nearly or quite vertical, the dip being H.N.W., or about 
at right angles to the direction of the great chain of 
mountains which rises nearly parallel to the coast. Mr. 
Motley’s account of this coal formation would lead us 
to conclude that dense tropical forests growing on an 
extensive plain or river delta had been suddenly over¬ 
thrown by flood or earthquake, or by sudden depression 
of the land, and had been covered with a deposit of clays 
or sands. He well remarks on the quantities of trees 
and shrubs which in the tropics grow on the sea-shore, 
or even in the salt water, and thus accounts for the 
presence of marine shells in the shales, and even in the 
coal itself. 
Until recently, Borneo was supposed to differ from all 
the other great islands of the archipelago in not possessing 
a single volcano, either active or extinct, but this sup¬ 
position has lately been shown to be not quite correct. 
It is highly improbable that Kinabalu is volcanic, as 
Mr. Little, who ascended one of its peaks in 1887, de¬ 
clared, but a small volcano, which is probably of late 
Miocene or Pliocene age, was discovered by the mining- 
engineer Yan Schelle in the Menteradu district, situated 
to the west of the Bawang Mountains, and about 40 miles 
