CELEBES 
289 
dependent Kajas, banded together in confederacies. The 
Bugis are the most advanced of all the natives of Celebes, 
and would seem, to judge from their language, to have 
acquired their civilisation mainly from the Javanese. 
They invented a peculiar alphabetical character, and a 
calendar, the year consisting of 3 6 5 days, divided into 12 
months, each with its native name. The development of 
this people appears to have been of recent date, for they 
are not even mentioned by the older Portuguese writers. 
Now they are the greatest maritime people and traders 
in the Malay Archipelago, navigating from the farthest 
point of Sumatra to New Guinea. They are, moreover, 
not only traders but settlers, and have established them¬ 
selves in most of the large towns in the different islands, 
dwelling apart in a separate “ Bugis quarter/’ ruled over 
by their own chiefs under their own laws. These 
enterprising people are good shipbuilders, constructing 
praus (' yadewakan ) of 50 or 60 tons burden, with 
which they trade eastward or westward according to the 
monsoon. Their energy contrasts strongly with the 
ordinary Malay character, but they resemble that nation 
in being both proud and vindictive. They are also as 
passionate as they are brave, and “ running amok ” is 
perhaps more frequent in Celebes than in any of the 
other islands. 
The Mandars occupy the western portion of the 
island, which projects out into the Strait of Makassar, 
north of Cape Mandar. They speak a distinct language, 
and are still partly pagan. They are energetic fishermen 
and traders, and their country produces edible birds’ nests 
and some gold. The Makassars inhabit the southern 
and western extremity of the southern peninsula. Their 
chief town and the residence of the Baja is Goa, only a 
few miles from Makassar, the Dutch capital. Their 
u 
