322 
COMPENDIUM OF GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL 
a garrison, quartered in “ Fort Oranje,” a strong fortifica¬ 
tion with fosse and drawbridge, built, it is said, on the 
foundations of an old Portuguese structure. At the south 
end of the town, overgrown with jungle, are the remains 
of a small fortress, with beautifully laid courses, which is 
possibly that erected by De Brito in 1522. The trade 
has lessened of late, but Ternate is still the market of 
the northern Moluccas and some parts of New Guinea. 
The chief exports are gum-dammar and tobacco (each 
about .£11,000), nutmegs (£7600), and gum-copal. A 
few birds-of-paradise are exported, but most of these are 
taken straight from the Aru Islands and the MacCluer 
Gulf to Makassar. Cloves, the ancient product of the 
true “ Malucos ”—Ternate, Tidor, Motir, Makian, and 
Batjan—now form no part of the commerce; they are 
now grown chiefly in Celebes, Amboina, and Java. The 
early Dutch rulers extirpated the tree here in 1652 in 
order to secure the monopoly, which they endeavoured to 
do by restricting its cultivation to the island of Amboina, 
of which they had exclusive possession There is now no 
Government monopoly, and the total annual export is 
about a quarter of a million lbs. for the entire archi¬ 
pelago. Slavery was abolished in Ternate and Tidor in 
1879. 
7. Tidor and the Lesser Moluccas. 
Immediately south of Ternate, which forms the 
northern link, runs a chain of small islands, parallel with 
and close to the west coast of Halmahera, which are 
sometimes termed the Lesser Moluccas. Three of these, 
like Ternate, are true volcanoes, while Mare is formed of 
upraised volcanic materials, and the Kaioa group, farther 
to the south, are raised coral reefs. All the islands are 
inhabited by Mohammedan Malays, each with their 
