LIFE: ITS ORIGIN AND NATURE 51 
changes of thought and feeling, we should prob¬ 
ably be as far as ever from the solution of 
the problem: How are these physical processes 
connected with the facts of consciousness? The 
chasm between the two classes of phenomena 
would still remain intellectually impassable.” 
Seeing that such enormous difficulties exist¬ 
ed, then, in the attempt to account for con¬ 
sciousness in this manner, other theories were 
brought forward by way of explanation. Among 
these, we may briefly mention the following:- 
PSYCHO-PHYSICAL PARALLELISM: This 
is the doctrine which was defended by Profes¬ 
sor Munsterberg and others. It contends that 
brain changes and states of consciousness are 
merely coincidental in point of time, and do 
not ever influence each other. Their relation 
is that of coincidence or concomitance, and not 
causation. The two flow along, side by side, 
without in any way interfering with one am 
other. 
As regards this doctrine, it need only be 
pointed out that, were it true, mind and body 
could never influence one another, since they 
are not causally connected. Yet, if there be no 
connection, how is it that they correspond so 
exactly?—for, as William James said, “It is 
quite inconceivable that consciousness should 
have nothing to do with a business which it 
so faithfully attends.” 
PHENOMENALISTIC PARALLELISM: This 
is the theory maintained by Kant, Spinoza, and 
others. It maintains that both brain and con¬ 
sciousness (or mind and body) are but two 
different expressions of one underlying reality 
