CONTENTS. 
No. 2. 
GEOLOGY OE PORTIONS OE THE ROUTE. 
CHAPTER XI. 
Observations on the orography and general features of relief of the middle and southern portions of 
California. 
Grandeur of the mountains and plains.—Sierra Nevada and its prolongations southward.—Bernardino Sierra.—Peninsula 
Sierra.—High valleys and table-lands of the northern portion of the Sierra Nevada.—Trend of the Sierra.—Southwest and 
northeast trend at the southern end.—Elevation of .the chain.—Passes.—Southern limit of perpetual snow.—Bernardino 
Sierra.—Extent and position.—Trend.—The boundary of the Great Basin on the south.—Geological relations to the Sierra 
Nevada.—Sudden change in the trend of the coast at Point Conception.—Slope to the sea.—Difference of altitude between 
the coast slope and the Great Basin.—Elevation of the chain and the passes.—Formerly called Sierra Madre.—Peninsula 
Sierra.—Extent.—Trend.—General elevation.—Sharp and rugged outline.—Composite character.—Coast Mountains.— 
Parallel ranges and valleys_Overlapping of the ranges.—Submerged ranges indicated by the lines of islands.—Average 
eievation.—Ranges between San Francisco and the San Joaquin.—Mount Diablo.:—Cleft or break in the whole chain.— 
Golden Gate.—Valley of the Salinas.—Valley of the bay of San Francisco.—Mount Diablo and Livermore’s Valley.— 
Mountains of the Great Basin and Desert —Isolated character.—Slopes.—Pai-ute range.—Desert range.—Plains and valleys. 
Great valley of California—Rivers.—Tulare lakes.—Colorado desert.—Extent of the plain.—Elevation.—Absence of rivers. 
Trend.—Elevation compared with the coast slopes and the Great Basin. 
CHAPTER XII. 
Geology of the vicinity of San Francisco. 
Enumeration of the principal formations.—Granite north and south of the Golden Gate.—Geological map.—San Francisco 
sandstone.—Points at which it is exposed.—Section at Yerba Buena.—Sandstone and shales.—Decomposition of the rock.— 
Globular masses, the result of decomposition.—Color of the rock.—Lithological characters.—Remains of plants.—Strata 
under the city.—Resemblance to trap rock.—Point Lohos.—Angel island.—State’s prison quarry.—Section of the strata.— 
Dislocation of a bed of the sandstone.—Marin island —Benicia sandstone.—Navy Point.—Conglomerate.—Section of the 
strata at Navy Point.—Haid bluish green masses.—Probable synchronism of the strata with those near San Francisco.— 
Extension of the strata southward, near Mount Diablo.—Sandstone at New Almaden, San Juan, and north of the Golden 
Gate.—Bellingham bay sandstone, probably the same.—Age of the formation, fossils.—Probable Tertiary age.—Section 
from San Francisco to the Pacific.—Metamorphic sandstone.—Jaspery or Prasoidcharacters.—Erupted rocks.—Granite.— 
Trap.—Serpentine of Fort Point.—Diallage or Bronzite.—Globular character of the rock.—Strata imbedded in the ser¬ 
pentine.—Post-Tertiary and alluvial deposits.—Encroachments of the sea. —Drift or surface accumulations.—Sand dimes.— 
Beach on the Pacific side.—Happy Valley.—Stratification and ripple marks.—Artesian wells at San Francisco and San 
Jose'. 
CHAPTER XIII. 
Tertiary formations of Ocoya creek, Monterey, and other localities. 
Eocene formations at the head of the Tulare valley.—Eocene fossils.—Ocoya creek, Tertiary.—Extent of the formation.— 
Soft clay hills.—Absence of vegetation.—Steep slopes —Lithological characters.—Pumice stone and volcanic ashes.—Sec¬ 
tion of the strata.—Charcoal.—Deposition of oxide of iron by infiltration.—Formation of gypsum.—Resemblance of the 
lines of oxide of iron to those produced in strata by pressure.—Fossils.—Shells.—Sharks’ teeth.—Mastodon.—Silicified 
wood.—Evidences of shallow water and currents at the time of the deposition of the fossils.—Resemblance to a beach 
accumulation.—Probable miocene age of the deposits.—Former existence of volcanoes in the Sierra Nevada.—Tertiary of 
Carrizo creek and the Colorado desert.—Lithological characters.—Concretions.—Pebbly drift along the Colorado and 
Gila.—Miocene fossils.—Tertiary of San Diego.—Trap dyke.—Fossils.—Tertiary of the Bernardino sierra and San Fer¬ 
nando.—Strata of Los Angeles and San Pedro.—Fossils.—Tertiary at Monterey.—Lithological characters.—Infusorial 
beds —Fossil shells.—Foraminifera.—Tertiary of the southern end of the Great Basin.—Silicified stems.—Post-Pliocene 
deposits of Monterey, San Pedro, and San Diego.—Recent elevation of the coast.—General observations on the Tertiary 
formations.—Miocene at the base of the Sierra Nevada.—Comparisons. 
