8 
CONTENTS. 
CHAPTER XIV, 
Estrella river, Panza, and Oarizo. 
Source and course of the San Juan river.—Carizo creek.—Panza valley.—Flattening out of the San Josd gra$ite v to the west, 
and elevation of Panza and Carizo sandstones.—Structure of Panza hills.—Proximity to Tulare,valley.—Extension of the 
Gavilan range separating them.—Effect of proximity of the San Josd and Gavilan.—Estertf'plain formed by their diverg¬ 
ence.—Resemblance of Estero plain to Tulare valley.—Streams -which supply .the'plain.—Little known of its geology.— 
The eastern slope of the San Josd assists in forming Panza and Carizo, and has the same stratigraphical relations.— 
Inferior rock of Panza similar to the brown sandstones of Santa Barbara.—Gypseous sandstones.—Ostrea and pecten 
layers.—Upper beds arenaceous, with area.—Slope of the strata.—Total thickness.—Terraces along the valley.—Fossilifer- 
ous strata beneath.—Comparison of the strata at Panza with those of Santa Margarita and Santa Barbara.—Tabular list of 
the strata.—Enumeration of the fauna of that period. 
CHAPTER XV. 
Mojave River valley. ■ 
Santa Fe trail to Salt Lake.—Mojave river and valley.—Cajon pass.—Primary rocks of.—Mica slate and porphyry.— 
Pink sandstones.—Local drift.—Limestone in.—Thick conglomerate and sandstone of the eastern slope.—Second axis in 
the pass.-—Probable thickness of the conglomerate.—Distinction between them and the pink sandstones.—Slope towards 
the Mojave.—Nature of the soil upon.—Yegetation of,—Yucca, cedar, artemisia.—Soakage of the rain water through the 
sandstones.—Wells near the river.—Course of the river where first reached.—Different temperatures of air, wells, and the 
river.—Hills east of the Mojave.—Fertility of Mojave valley.—Heat of the soil during the day.—Similarity of the flora 
with those of Los Angeles valley.—Amygdaloid range along the Mojave 66 miles down.—Metamorphic action exerted on 
the sandstones.—Variety in the volcanic rock.—Felspar dykes.—Accompanied by gypseous veins.—Granitic chain crossing 
the river further down.—Soda Lake, its length and form.—appearance of the surface.—Saline coating of the surface.— 
Quicksand bottom.—Subsoil soaked with water.—Intrusion of a dyke upon the playa.—Primary limestone.—Aspect of 
the playa.—Mirage.—Origin of the saline incrustation of the playa.—Freshness of the river water.—Recapitulation.— 
Characters of the country east of the Sierra Nevada.—Appearance of the valleys.—Slopes of the conglomerate.—Different 
level of Soda Lake and the Colorado river.—Direction and nature of the mountain ranges.—Number of ranges between 
Soda Lake and the Sierra.—Intervals between the chains.—Fall of rain.—Limited fertility of the district.—Number of 
animals sacrificed from drought.—Exposure of the high plain to winds.—Cold of nights.—Dew.—Thunder storms with¬ 
out rain.—Parallelism of the geological forces.—Plain reaching across the Colorado to the Pimas villages.— Saline incrus¬ 
tations at Soda Lake.—Chemical examination of.—Crust at Navajo camp. 
CHAPTER XVI. 
Bituminous effusions. 
Localities where bitumen exists —Proximity to the coast.—Submarine exudations.—Bitumen found in all stages of consist¬ 
ence.—Its abundance.—Santa Cruz bitumen, particulars of.—Bitumen of San Luis valley.—Nature of the asphaltic rock, 
and details.—Fluidity of the bitumen.—Subterranean cavities.—Bitumen of Napoma.—Of La Purissima.—Nature of the 
strata through which it leaks.—Bitumen of Santa Barbara, locality, and extent of the bed.—A solid bitumen, no fluid 
outpouring. —Exposure along the shore cliff.—Estimate of the quantity which this locality affords.—Proprietorship of the 
land.—Enumeration of the strata at the cliff.—Upraised beach along the terrace.—Evidence of time afforded by a consid¬ 
eration of the cliff strata.—Bitumen of Rincon and San Buenaventura river.—Curve of the shore line.—Enumeration and 
thickness of the asphaltic rocks.—Bitumen spring twelve miles up Buenaventura river.—Sulphur spring, its temperature.— 
Liquid overflow of bitumen.—Strata of the neighborhood.—Deposits on the Santa Clara river.—Bitumen of Los Angeles 
valley.—Locality of.—Extent of outflow.—Liquid nature of.—Strata of the locality, amount of the bitumen, and cost at 
the spring —Contrast between the supply at Los Angeles and at Santa Barbara.—Different estimates of the value of 
asphaltum.—Pecuniary wealth of Los Angeles valley in this mineral.—Bitumen of San Pedro, of San Juan Capistrano, 
and San Diego.—Remarks on the occurrence of bitumen in the strata of California.—Speculation on the probable origin 
of bitumen. 
