ORTHOGRAPHY.—ARRANGEMENT OF THE TABLES. 
55 
(It will be found, however, that the sound of long u, or English oo, is often denoted by Mr. 
Whipple, especially at the beginning of a syllable, by the combination ou. This combination 
is also frequently used to represent the sound of the English 10 , or one very near it, as in the 
syllables oui, oua, for wi, iva.) 
ai has the sound of the i in line. 
ow or ow is sounded as in the word note. (The proper spelling would have been au .) 
g is always hard, as in go. 
cli or tch is sounded like eh in church, or tch in ivitch. 
qu is pronounced as in queen. 
h’ prefixed to a word denotes a very strong aspiration. 
s’ prefixed shows that the word begins with a sharp, hissing sound. 
t’ prefixed indicates that the tongue is to be pressed forcibly against the teeth. 
In the Comanche vocabulary, an apostrophe (’) after a word denotes an almost inaudible 
grunt, so as to faintly sound the letter i. In Caddo, it signifies that the word is abruptly 
stopped. 
In the Kichai and Hueco, tc, tic, or tlk is a click, made with the tongue against the roof of 
the mouth. 
In the Navajo, j represents the sound of that letter in French. 
In the Choctaw, the orthography of which is that established by the Mission, au is sounded 
like ow in now; a, e, i, o, u, when printed in italic letters, are nasalized ; and hi denotes an 
aspirated l, like the ll in Welsh. 
An attempt was made to reduce the orthography of all the vocabularies to a uniform and 
more strictly scientific system, correcting at the same time the irregularities observed in the 
application of the rules laid down; but, after a fair trial, it was abandoned as impracticable. 
Accordingly, the words are placed before the reader precisely as they were taken down on the 
spot, excepting that the acute accent, indicating the emphasized syllable, is the only one 
retained, and that, when the syllable ends in a consonant, the short mark over the vowel is 
usually omitted as unnecessary. 
Had the vocabularies coincided completely, or nearly so, as to the words adopted, they would 
have been arranged together in one comparative table ; but, from causes already mentioned, 
they vary so considerably—some being much longer, and others much shorter than the standard 
adopted for most of them, added to which there are many discrepancies in the choice of words— 
that it was found better to place each affiliated group by itself. The following is the order 
adopted, each group or single vocabulary being followed immediately by the remarks relating 
to it: 
I. Delaware. 
II. Shawnee. 
III. ChoctaAv. 
IV. Kichai. 
V. Hueco. 
VI. Caddo. 
VII. Comanche. 
VIII. Chemehuevi. 
IX. Cahuillo. 
X. Kioway. 
XI. Navajo. 
XII. Pinal Leno. 
Algonkin. 
Paavnee ? 
SlIOSHONEE. 
Apache. 
XIII. KiAvomi. 
XIV. Cochitemi. 
XV. Acoma. 
XVI. Zuiii. 
XVII. Pima. 
XVIII. Cuclian. 
XIX. Coco-Maricopa. 
XX. Mojave. 
XXI. Diegeno. 
Kerbs. 
Yuma. 
