CHARACTER OF THE CAMANCHES.—THE MOQUINOS. 
121 
THIRD PART. 
SECTION I. 
Of the nations to the east of the Rio Grande del Norte. 
OF THE CAMANCHES. 
2. The Camanche nation is doubtless the most numerous of the many people that are known to 
exist in the vicinities of our most distant provinces of North America. They occupy a beauti¬ 
ful and extensive country to the eastward of the province of New Mexico, and consist of four 
hordes, known by the names of Cuchanticas, Tupes, Yampaxicas, and the Eastern Camanches 
(Orientales). They are commanded by a general and a lieutenant-general, chosen from among 
themselves, with the consent of the governor of New Mexico, and the approval of the com- 
andante of the internal provinces. Those chieftains are acknowledged and respected bv the 
heads of every settlement (rancheria); and every Cumanche* renders them obedience, such as 
is permitted by his constitution and government. He listens with like submission to their 
counsels, and conscientiously follows them. These people keep faith in treaties, observe truth 
and hospitality, and their customs, in general, are not so barbarous as those of the Apaches. 
3. These Indians are intrepid in war, bold in their enterprises, and impetuous in action. 
They are at peace with no other people than the Spanish, and maintain a constant war with all 
the other neighboring nations. The four tribes live in close friendship ; their people form close 
alliances ; their private quarrels never extend beyond insignificant disputes, and terminate where 
they begin. Their interests are common, and they share in them an equal fortune. 
4. In their intercourse with the Spaniards, the Cumanches show a sense of honor and the 
most rigid justice. The traveller in their country is hospitably entertained, respectfully served, 
and treated with the greatest friendship. At the moment of his arrival, they take charge of 
his horses and equipage; and if an animal should be missing at his departure, they detain him 
until it can be found. If it should be discovered that the estray has been produced with evil 
inclination, an exemplary chastisement is administered to the delinquent, in the sight of the 
Spaniard. In this manner do the Indians behave to our wayfarers who journey among their 
hordes; and they accompany them on their departure with an escort, until coming to some 
point at which they may be relieved by warriors, and have the guides of another town. 
SECTION IV. 
Of the nations to the westxcard of the upper part of the province of New Mexico , and of those of the 
upper coast of Sonora. 
1. The province or territory of the Moqui (or Moquino) Indians lies to the westward of the 
capital of New Mexico. The nation revolted towards the close of the seventeenth century, 
driving out the Spaniards from the towns; and from that time no formal attempt has been made 
to reduce them to submission by force of arms; nor does a hope exist of its being accomplished 
by means of kindness, which, on several occasions, has already been unavailingly practised. 
The towns in which they reside and are established are seven in number—Oraibe, Taucos, Mos- 
zasnavi, Guipaulavi, Xougopavi, Gualpi; and there is also a village, which has no name, situ¬ 
ated between the last town and Tanos, the inhabitants of which are subordinate colonists to the 
people of Gualpi. 
* The translator has preserved the original spelling of the names of tribes and villages, in which there are some incon¬ 
sistences, and a considerable difference from modern usage. 
16 i 
