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APPENDIX B.—EXPLANATIONS OF MAP AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 
while the eighth division is entirely occupied by the shading lines, and is black. Much character 
is, however, given to topography by the length of the lines—long lines giving the appearance of 
long slopes, and broken and short lines short and broken slopes. In the skeleton topography, the 
scale of shading used on this map does not exceed one to three. 
The extent of the fully shaded topography of the country traversed in 1854 is only limited by 
the field of observation, which frequently exceeds in extent one hundred miles of latitude, within 
which every object in sight during field operations was located with as much care as it was pos- 
sible to attain, not only to enable us to present a clear and correct representation of the country, 
but to facilitate future explorations by an easy connexion with the present work, the correctness 
of which may be readily tested from the elevated stations to which our direct and side trails fre¬ 
quently lead. That portion of the map embracing the explorations of 1853 is also very extensive in 
its topographical delineations, and all the field notes taken have been exhausted in its construction. 
The topography adjacent to the trails is, in all cases, executed with accuracy of detail, and in its 
general features the same accuracy has been preserved within the field of observation. Where its 
character was known, but the information not derived from personal observation, the topography 
is given in skeleton, and is indicative of the general character of the country covered by it. tj 
The materials for that portion of the map lying between the State of Missouri and Bridger’s 
Pass of the Rocky mountains, and north of Forts Leavenworth and Riley, including the Plains, 
the Cheyenne and South Passes, and the Parks; and further west, the northern portion of the 
Great Salt Lake and of Bear river, were taken from Fremont’s and Stansbury’s reports and 
maps; and portions of the Humboldt river and valley were also taken from Colonel Fremont’s 
explorations. The portion embracing tlje States of Missouri and Illinois was taken from litho¬ 
graphed and manuscript maps of the land office surveys of those States, forwarded for that purpose 
by Mr. John Loughborough, the surveyor general at St. Louis, and kindly furnished to us by 
Messrs. Wilson and Hendricks, successively Commissioners of the General Land Office. In 
unexplored portions of the country a few details have been derived from the descriptions of 
mountaineers, where a strong probability supported their statements. 
The landscape views are presented with no purpose of representing the beauties of the 
scenery of the country, but to illustrate its general character, and to exhibit on a small scale the 
character of its mountains and canones, and of its plains and valleys, in their respective positions 
and extents, as seen in nature, together with such passes as it was possible to represent without 
unduly increasing the number of views. Those of the country westward from the Great Salt 
Lake have, intimately connected as they are with the map of that portion of the country, a still 
greater value, as the same passes, mountains, and plains which are given on the one are pre¬ 
sented in full on the other; and the positions on the map are also given from which the views 
were taken. The most valuable of them are very extensive, and an explanation of one will be 
sufficient for the understanding of the whole. They are taken, as will be seen at once, from 
elevated positions, and consequently partake somewhat of a panoramic character, and being of 
great extent, the ordinary inequalities of the surfaces of plains and slopes are not perceptible. 
But little attention has been paid to the beautiful execution of foregrounds, as it is only the general 
view of the country which it is desired to present. The smokes seen here and there indicate 
points at which we encamped. The bearings of the extremes of the views, and the names of 
their principal features, are given on the margin of each respective picture, the name of the 
object designated being directly under it, and the names nearest to the edge of the picture indi¬ 
cating the most distant objects; and as the same names are also given on the map, the two may 
be readily compared, and will serve to elucidate each other. 
The first view west of the Great Salt Lake was taken from a peak near Antelope Butte, and 
presents on the extreme left the western slope of, and the passage (to the south of Pilot Peak) 
leading through, the first mountain range west of the desert which borders the lake on that side; 
immediately south of this passage, and extending considerably to the west, is an agglomeration 
