carpenter’s zoology. 
Ill 
Zoology: being a Systematic Account of the General Structure, 
Habits, Instincts, and Uses of the Principal Families of the 
Animal Kingdom ; as well as of the Chief Forms of Fossil Re- 
mains. By W. B. Carpenter, M.D., F.R.S., &c. A New Edition, 
thoroughly revised, by W. S. Dallas, F.L.S., &c. In two volumes. 
Yol. II. 
The present edition of Dr. Carpenter’s Zoology consists, like its prede¬ 
cessor, of two volumes. In the first are described the Mammals, Birds, 
Reptiles, and Amphibians. The second volume concludes the Yertebrata 
with an account of the class of Fishes, hut is chiefly occupied with the 
consideration of the several classes which constitute the four remaining 
sub-kingdoms, known collectively under the name of Invertehrata, 
In his description of the Fishes Mr. Dallas departs from the Cuvier- 
ian arrangement generally followed, and adopts as his classification a 
modification of the subdivision of this class proposed by the late Professor 
Muller. The entire class is regarded as consisting of five orders, of un¬ 
equal extent, viz.:—1. Selachii; 2. Granoidei; 3. Teleostei; 4. Cyclos- 
tomi; 5. Leptocardii. The highest rank is assigned to the Selachii. 
The greater number of recent fishes are included under the Teleostei. 
The order Leptocardii includes hut a single species,—the Amphioxus lan- 
ceolatus. The systems of Cuvier and Agassiz are, however, explained ; 
and, upon the whole, the particular account of the more important fami¬ 
lies, though deficient in some respects, must he regarded as not unsatis¬ 
factory. 
The extensive sub-kingdom Articulata is divided into two primary 
groups, the first of which includes the classes Insecta, Arachnida, Myria- 
poda, and Crustacea; while the second comprises the Annelida, Entozoa, 
and Rotifera. It would have been more correct to have restricted the 
application of the word Articulata to the first of these, the second being 
designated by the name of Annuloida. The entire sub-kingdom might 
he known by the term Annulosa. And we are also of opinion that, in 
accordance with the opinions so ably put forward by Professor Huxley, 
the Echinodermata should he placed in the division Annuloida. But of 
this, more anon. The subdivision of the Annulosa into the two natural 
and extensive groups above mentioned seems to us an appropriate intro¬ 
duction to the full consideration of so important a department of the 
animal kingdom. More than one-fifth of the volume is devoted to the 
insects alone. This vast class is divided into twelve orders, of which 
nine are placed in one sub-class, Metabola, and three in another, Arne- 
tabola. The meaning of the more important terms taken from the ciba- 
rian system is at the same time explained. But the number of orders 
(twelve) seems to us to be about twice too many. The subdivision of 
this class has been carried by modern naturalists to an injudicious ex¬ 
tent. And this will ever be the case so long as entomologists direct their 
attention too exclusively to searching for trifling and unimportant diffe¬ 
rences, while at the same time leading and significant peculiarities of 
structure are unheeded. The Metabola are further arranged under two 
yol. v.— rev. r 
