R.B. BUCHANAN SEED CQ 
MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE. 
Codling Moth or Apple Worm 
A Chewing Insect 
Apple Scab 
A Fungus Disease 
Enlarged San Jose Scale 
A Sucking Insect 
The Time for First Codling 
Moth Spray 
Too Late for First Codling 
Moth Spray 
How to Spray the Home Orchard and Garden 
Remedies for control of insects and diseases found on pages 71, 72 and 73. 
These pages are written to help those with a small orchard and garden raise better 
fruit, flowers and vegetables. 
The commercial grower knows how to control these diseases and insects. 
Orchard and garden pests are divided into two divisions—Insects and Diseases. 
INSECTS 
Insects are classified as chewing insects and sucking insects 
CHEWING INSECTS—Have mouth parts that enable them to bite off and chew the 
foliage and fruit. 
Such insects as the potato bug, apple worm and cabbage worm are examples. The 
way to control chewing insects is to poison their food, which is the fruit and foliage. 
SUCKING INSECTS—Are so called because they have mouth parts that pierce and suck 
the juices and sap from the leaves, fruit and foliage. Included in this class are scale 
insects, aphis or plant lice, red spiders, thrips, etc. 
These insects are controlled by spraying them directly with a material that para¬ 
lyzes or suffocates them. Such products as Black Leaf 40 or Evergreen are used. 
FUNGUS DISEASES 
A fungus disease is a condition in a plant that may affect fruit, leaves or bark, and 
is a low form of plant life that originates from a minute spore or seed. As the fungus 
spore or seed germinates it pushes its roots into the tissues of the plant and causes 
what is known as a fungus disease. 
Examples of fungus diseases are a form of rot on plums, peaches or cherries, scab 
spots on apples, blighted potato leaves, mildew on roses or grapes and curl on peaches. 
HOW TO CONTROL PESTS ON APPLES, PEAR AND QUINCE 
SAN JOSE SCALE (a sucking insect)—The most common class of insects that attack 
apples, pear and quince trees are scale insects. They attack nearly every kind of tree, 
including shade trees and evergreens. 
The most distinctive scale insect is the San Jose Scale. This insect attacks all parts 
of the tree, including the trunks, branches, leaves and fruit, and usually causes bright 
red spots on the skin of the apples. 
The branches and trunk covered with San Jose Scales have a rough, grayish appear¬ 
ance. By scraping these the soft yellowish insects can be seen. 
For scale insects and Blister Mites use a dormant spray, after the leaves drop in 
the fall and before buds swell in the spring, and when the temperature is above 40 
degrees. 
Use Buchanan’s Oil Emulsion, diluted 2 gallons to 48 gallons of water, or con¬ 
centrated lime sulphur solution, 6 gallons to 44 gallons of water, or use 15 pounds 
dry lime sulphur to 50 gallons of water. 
CODLING MOTH OR APPLE WORM (a chewing insect)—This insect hibernates as a 
pinkish white worm in cocoons under the bark of trunk or branches. The worm trans¬ 
forms itself into a moth which emerges about blossom time and lays eggs on the fruit 
and foliage. The eggs hatch about 3 or 4 weeks after the fall of petals, at which time 
about 90% of the young worms enter the apples at the calyx or blossom end. It is very 
important that the calyx spray is applied at the right time. This is between 7 and 10 
days, before the calyx closes, according to the weather. 
CURCULIO (a chewing insect)—The adult Curculio is a grayish black humped-back 
snout beetle about one-quarter inch long. It attacks the fruit by making a crescent- 
shape cut in the skins of the fruit in which the egg is laid. From this egg hatches a 
small white worm which feeds on the inside of the fruit. 
SCAB (a fungus disease)—Scab makes its first appearance in the cool wet weather in the 
spring. The spores or germs of Scab live through the winter in the dead leaves lying 
under the trees, and are discharged into the air, and the wind carries them to the young 
leaves and blossom stems where they grow and multiply rapidly. The disease makes its 
first appearance on the underside of the leaves in the form of brownish spots, which 
later become black. It spreads to the upper side of the leaves and to the fruit. The dis¬ 
ease on the fruit makes brown or black spots and later the fruit cracks and falls. 
BLOTCH (a fungus disease)—Blotch is found on the fruit leaves and twigs. On the fruit 
the disease appears as a brown, irregular edged mass of fibers, beneath the skin of the 
fruit; on the leaves numerous small light gray spots with a single black dot in the middle 
of each spot. On the twigs the disease appears as a circular canker on new growth. 
CONTROL 
For the above two chewing insects and two diseases 
1. —PINK BUD SPRAY—As the individual buds in a cluster begin to separate use 
concentrated lime sulphur solution diluted 5 quarts to 50 gallons water, or 4 pounds 
sulforon to 50 gallons water. To either of the above add 1% pounds arsenate of lead. 
2. —PETAL FALL OR CALYX SPRAY—Begin when petals are three-fourths off and 
finish before the calyx closes. Use same materials as written for First Spray. 
(Page 66) 
