MANUAL OF NATURK STUDY. 
47 
4. The elms have alternate, simple leaves; 
straight veined and serrate edged. Flowers in clus¬ 
ters in axils of last year’s leaves, purplish or yel¬ 
lowish green. Fruit, dry, winged, or nut-like. 
Bark fairly smooth in young growth, and very 
rough and much cracked open, forming ridges of an 
inch or more in height. The slippery elm has red¬ 
dish colored wood and an inner bark sweetish, 
mucilaginous and pleasant to the taste. The leaves 
of the elms vary greatly. Those of the slippery 
elm are rough on the upper surface and downy 
on the lower; while those of the English elm, the 
American or white elm, the corky white elm and 
winged elm all have leaves smooth, especially above. 
The white elm has abruptly pointed leaves with 
petioles, while the winged elm has small, thick 
leaves with scarcely any petiole. 
The walnut includes in its family two genera, 
viz.: the walnut and hickory. The former has two 
well-known species in Indiana, viz.: the black wal¬ 
nut and butternut, or white walnut. The whole 
family is known by its alternate pinnate leaves, no 
stipules, and sterile flowers in catkins, fertile ones 
single or two or more in a cluster, bearing single 
fruits called nuts, enclosed in a shuck, which re¬ 
mains green in color until the fruit begins to ripen, 
after which time it begins to turn brown, and 
