MANUAL OF NATURE STUDY. 
57 
rope, hand over hand. In the case of swallowing, 
it is jaw over jaw instead of hand over hand. 
In the case of the frog there are no teeth in the 
lower jaw, neither is the lower jaw divided as in 
the snake. But the upper jaw is provided with a 
patch of very minute, short teeth in the roof of the 
mouth. How does that arrangement assist the 
sticky tongue in disposing of gnats and flies ? 
How do the mouth and tongue of the fish dif¬ 
fer from those of the snake and frog? Why should 
this be so? How does the snake breathe? The 
frog? The fish? Why should the fish have gills? 
Was there ever a time when the frog had gills? 
Why should not the snake have gills? How 
many legs has the frog? The snake? The fish? 
What stands for legs in the fish? The pectoral 
fins take the place of the fore legs, the ventril fins 
the hind legs. Describe the movements of each of 
these animals. Ask the children to watch the 
toads catch flies, gnats and other small insects 
under the electric lights, summer evenings. 
Where is the toad in the daytime? Look for it in 
flower-beds, gardens, or close along the fence or 
house, lying flattened out with its nose tucked 
downward, looking for all the world as if it were 
dead. How do these animals spend the winter? 
Hibernation. Are these animals of use to man? 
