MANUAL OP NATURE) STUDY. 
107 
three leaflets), morning glory, hop, rushes and the 
tall grasses, tendrils, spines or thorns. 
Also underground stems, such as tuber, or potato, 
scaly roots of various kinds, and many others if the 
teacher can continue the interest along this sort of 
work. 
Another classification, perhaps more simple, may 
be mentioned, viz.: Hypocotyls,* scale leaf stems, 
foliage stems and floral stems. Hypocotyls include 
all stems whose bud of the main shoot is developed 
from the apex, for example, the maple, or almost 
any forest tree, bean, etc. Scale leaf stems are 
those which are beset with scale leaves and are 
almost always under ground with axis vertical, as 
lilies, tulips, hyacinths, onions, stars of Bethlehem. 
The tuber, a modified scale leaf stem, as also are 
rootstocks and creeping stems. The foliage stem 
is above ground and bears leaves with green blades. 
The peculiar style of the plant is dependent upon 
the foliage stem. Foliage stems are herbaceous, 
woody, nodose, scapers, or flower stalks. Erect 
foliage stems, as caudex, culm, stalk and trunk. 
The floral stem is that on which the flowers are 
borne, and may be the main or lateral axis. All 
stems have nodes, commonly called joints, and in- 
*Hypocotyl is the same as caulicle. Cau!ic!e is the first internode, or portion of 
the stem below the cotyledons and above the radicle or beginning of the true root. 
It is seldom applied to the part after the plant has developed. 
