265 
Ornithology of Asia Minor. 
stream was crossed by a picturesque bridge; near by were 
some wet rocks covered with HartVtongue fern (Scolopen- 
drium vulgare )—a very rare species in Asia Minor. A rise of 
1700 feet by zigzags up the one practicable cleft in the rocks 
of the north side brought us near Zebil, in which village much 
time was destined to be lost through the occurrence of certain 
casualties, and in fruitless efforts to obtain Tetraogallus. 
Zebil is the westernmost village on the south side of the 
Bulgar dagh. Its elevation is about 3500 feet. Close be¬ 
hind it rise the high hills; and in front is the deep ravine and 
river just alluded to. Though unnamed on the maps, this 
stream has certainly a larger body of water and quite as long 
a course as the branch to the eastward, and therefore seems 
as fully entitled to the classic name of Cydnus. Its origin is 
reported to be in the wall-like barrier of the Bulgar-dagh at 
the head of the Chojak deresi. There it is said to spring 
from the rock in great volume, with a fall of about 20 feet. 
The deep snow prevented a visit to this spot, which is further 
remarkable for the remains of an ancient town, as yet appa¬ 
rently unexplored. The natives say that the position of the 
streets can be clearly traced, and that other ruins exist among 
the hills. 
The river itself bears no name in this district, but is called 
by those given to the different bends of the ravine through 
which it flows. These are Chojak deresi, Jehannum deresi, 
Pambouk deresi, and so on. After entering the plain it is 
known as the Tersous-tchai. Vertically considered, these 
ravines are, in their lower depths, clothed with various oaks 
and evergreen shrubs, which higher up give place to spruces, 
red firs, white firs, and finally to cedars and junipers. There 
is but little life in the upper regions—the winter resort of 
the ibex and a few predatory animals. An occasional Lam- 
mergeyer or Golden Eagle swoops about the crags; the cries 
of the Peregrine and Baven, or the aerial consultations of a 
party of Alpine Choughs, are heard now and again. Often 
nothing breaks the stillness but the tapping of a stray Wood¬ 
pecker or the notes of Kriiper’s ubiquitous Nuthatch. The 
part of the ravine immediately below Zebil is called Jehannum 
