320 Lord Tweeddale on Birds from 
apparently confined to Java, Celebes, and the Sula Islands; 
and C. annectens , Bruggemann, ex Celebes (Abhandl. natur- 
wissenschaft. Yer. Bremen, p. 64. no. 89), is not of the same 
type as C. enca. C. corax , apnd Raffles (l. c.), has been re¬ 
ferred by Wagler, Schlegel, and others to C. macrorhynchus ; 
but there is no evidence whatever that that species inhabits 
Sumatra, and it is much more probable that Sir Stamford 
* alluded to C. validus. Blyth (Ibis, 1870, p. 171) made the 
extraordinary identification of C. macrorhynchus , Temm., with 
C. culminatus, Sykes. In the Javan bird the bill is full three 
inches in length, and the basal portion of the body-plumage 
is pure white. Mr. Blyth has also stated that C. culminatus 
extends to Malacca (Cat. Calc. Mus. p. 89. no. 448; Ibis, 
1863, p. 368), and that there also occurs C. macrorhynchus, 
Vieillot*. This last species Mr. Blyth identified with C. 
tenuirostris , Moore, ex Bombay, but which Mr. Blyth [l. c.) 
asserts was founded on a Malaccan skin. Two Malaccan 
examples (mus. nostr.) belong to C. tenuirostris; and I am 
not prepared off-hand to identify them with C. validus . Their 
chief character is the form of the bill. In C. validus the 
bill gradually and regularly diminishes from the base to the 
apex, and is much bulged throughout the course of the com¬ 
missure. The culmen is rather acute than broad and 
rounded, and the height of the bill is considerable j\ In C. 
tenuirostris the bill is longer, very much compressed, and 
flattened on the sides ; the culmen is broad and rounded, and 
not acute. The height is also less, 0*70 as against 091. 
The length’ of the gonys is greater. In colouring, the lower 
plumage is of a more ashy tint; and the general dimensions 
are less. The base of the feathers is white, as in C. validus. 
The British Museum possesses examples of C. tenuirostris 
from both Borneo (Banjarmassing and Labuan) and Sumatra. 
* What is C. macrorhynchus , Vieillot ? I cannot find that Vieillot ever 
bestowed such a title, although Jerdon, Blyth, and Bonaparte have all 
used it. Mr. Blyth is clearly referring to C. validus; for later (Ibis, 1870, 
p. 171) he identified C. tenuirostris with C. validus. 
t The contour of the bill of C. validus is very much that of C. levail- 
lunti ( C. culminatus); but the culmen is not quite so much arched. 
