422 
Mr. C. Ingram on the 
XXII .—The Birds of Manchuria. 
By Collingwood Ingram, M.B.O.U. 
(Plate VIII.) 
I. Introduction. 
Two years ago I journeyed from Vladivostock to Berlin. 
As the train travelled slowly through the wooded valleys of 
the Khingan Mountains and across the park-like meadow- 
lands of North Manchuria, I was much impressed by the 
ornithological promise of that beautiful but comparatively 
little known country. Upon my return home I immediately 
searched the zoological libraries of London for information 
on the subject—but could find none there. Of the Ornis 
of Manchuria very little was known. In the “ eighties,” 
Mr. (now Sir Evan) James brought back a small but 
interesting collection from South Manchuria, while fifteen 
years later a certain Capt. Karpow, then in the Russian Army 
and quartered at Yingtzu, made another small collec¬ 
tion, which I believe is now in the St. Petersburg Museum. 
These two collections, both from the southern part of the 
country, constitute all that is known to me of Manchurian 
birds. Realising this and hoping that the country would prove 
a fruitful field for ornithological research, I wrote to my friend 
Mr. Alan Owston, of Yokohama, and with his assistance 
arranged that a Japanese collector should visit Manchuria 
during the summer of 1908. Although the results of this 
expedition were disappointing in the sense that they yielded 
no novelties, they were nevertheless extremely interesting 
from another point of view—they served to fill in a considerable 
gap in our knowledge of the geographical distribution of East- 
Asian birds. After all, when the extreme severity of its 
winter climate is taken into consideration, it is hardly sur¬ 
prising to find that Manchuria can boast of no local races of 
birds. According to Sir Evan James the temperature falls 
to below —49° Fahr. in the north, while even on the coast it 
reaches —10° Fahr. The summer, however, is temperate, 
