423 
Birds of Manchuria . 
though very wet, rain falling “ almost without intermission ” 
from May to the end of August. 
The resident species of birds seem to be comparatively few 
in number, while, on the whole, the avifauna appears to re¬ 
semble that of Siberia very closely, and in North Manchuria 
might almost be said to be boreal in character. This is 
especially noticeable in the various races of Spotted Wood¬ 
peckers and Marsh-Tits, which, in some cases, appear to be 
almost identical with those existing in the extreme north of 
Europe. Turdus duhius, Fringilla montifringilla, and Calcarius 
lapponicus are among the birds that I was surprised to find 
so far south during the breeding-season. Below Kirin the 
avifauna naturally tends to become more “ tropical” or 
like that of China: as examples of this, I might mention 
Halcyon coromanda , Eurystomus calonyx , and Terpsiphone 
men . 
Dr. Valentine Bianchi has compiled a brief catalogue of the 
birds collected by Capt. Karpow * (comprising 51 species), 
and this has been published in the ‘ Annuaire du Musee de 
St. Petersbourg 9 for 1902. Sir Evan James's collection is now 
in the Natural History Museum, where I have been able to 
make a careful examination of all his specimens. Reference 
to these will be found in the following pages, the collector’s 
initials appearing in brackets after each entry. Perhaps it is 
hardly necessary to say that the list of birds contained in the 
present paper is anything but complete. I have no doubt 
that when the country becomes better known there will be 
many species to add to the number. However, I trust that 
my work will serve at least as a foundation for the future 
study of Manchurian ornithology. 
In his interesting book, ‘The Long White Mountain,’ 
Sir Evan James describes Manchuria as being essentially a 
highland country; almost the entire south and east being 
occupied by the Pai-shan and other mountains, while the 
Khingans occupy the north-western corner. The same writer 
goes on to say that “ The plain country is limited to tne 
* In that paper, written in Russian, the town Yingtzu is spelt Inkow, 
or Inkou. 
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