Birds of Macedonia. 
189 
*9 21 -] 
Cetti’s Warbler, Blackbird, Nightingale, Wheatear, Night¬ 
jar, Roller, Little Owl, Kestrel, Lesser Kestrel, White 
Stork, Turtle-Dove, Collared Dove, Stone-Curlew, and 
Little Ringed Plover. To these Major Sladen has added 
Spanish Sparrow (Karasuli and Hirsova), Short-toed Lark, 
Nuthatch, Bee-eater, Hoopoe, Black Tern, Osprey and 
Kingfisher, as well as a few more species included in his 
own papers. 
Other species were seen continually throughout the 
breeding-season or showed other signs of having nests, e. </., 
Raven, Chaffinch, Ortolan, White Wagtail, Grey Wagtail, 
Red-backed Shrike, Stonechat, Kite, Common Buzzard, and 
Common Snipe. Some of these have been recorded as breed¬ 
ing in Macedonia, but as localities are not mentioned—and 
the occupied territory was so vast—the nests may have been a 
great distance from the area with which we are concerned—- 
anywhere, in fact, between the Adriatic and Black Seas. 
[Corvidae. —Vast flocks of Jackdaws, Rooks, and Hooded 
Crows frequent the Struma plain during the winter months. 
From December 1916 to January 1917 the numbers were 
truly terrific, but the comparatively milder w inter of 1917- 
1918 did not witness such large congregations. During the 
summer months very different conditions were in force, 
some Ravens, scattered pairs of Hooded Crows, and a number 
of Jackdaws representing the Corvidm. 
Generally speakings there was a withdrawal of Crows in 
the very early spring. The numbers diminished before 
March, during which month a marked movement of Rooks 
to the W. and N.W. took place. After this Rooks were 
not seen at all—although some may have bred beyond the 
area of observation. (There are nests by the side of the 
Orient railway line between Salonica and Larissa.) 
A daily increase in the number of Hooded Crows and 
Jackdaws in September and October may have been due to 
the gregarious habits of young birds bred in the preceding 
months. A large influx of “foreign” Jackdaws and 
Hooded Crows occurred in late autumn, and with these 
