194 Mr. F. N. Chasen on the [Ibis, 
time, and, indeed, it seemed as if it preferred to adopt this 
tactic throughout the fight, because each time the strife 
commenced anew it voluntarily assumed the position 
described. It was, however, a bad choice, because the upper¬ 
most Jackdaw was undoubtedly the conqueror. 
Another point worthy of mention, although it has been 
remarked upon many times before, is connected with the 
feeding of the young. When the parent birds are returning 
from a long foraging expedition, their mouths are frequently 
so full of food that the space between the rami of the lower 
mandible is distended to form a very visible pouch, which is 
conspicuous enough to be noticed when the bird is flying 
past. This fact did not prevent the Jackdaws from making 
as much noise as usual. The only differences were, firstly, 
that the call was produced with the beak closed instead of 
gaping, as it usually is, and secondly, that the note was, in 
consequence, rather throaty in tune. The Jackdaws at 
Orljak used horsehair, grass, native cotton, and string 
(among other materials), for their nests. At Ormanli twdgs 
were collected with great energy for repairing purposes, and 
human hair (found under the tiles in native houses) was a 
favourite building material. 
Regarding the identity of Macedonian Jackdaws, many 
birds were certainly very light on the neck, but others 
appeared quite normal, and as near as I could say from 
observation alone, they were typical examples of Corvus 
monedula moneduia. Major Sladen, however, has much 
better grounds to work upon, for he shot a number and 
writes :—“ All that I examined appeared to belong to the 
subspecies C. monedula collaris Drummond, and all of them 
had more white above the neck than the typical bird. 
I found that it was not unusual to come across individuals 
which had a rusty red tinge all over. I remember an 
instance of one in a flock near Snevce, which was almost 
mahogany colour, but I was unable to secure it. I noticed 
the same thing to a lesser degree in individuals of Corvus 
cornixT 
