1921.] the Near East and Tropical East Africa. 627 
birds are brown and not grey on the back, whereas birds from 
northern Europe have scarcely changed at all. In Egypt, 
I shot many dozen Hooded Crows from April to July, and 
found that by the latter month adults were as brown as 
Palestine birds and were indistinguishable from them. 
On colour alone I therefore unite all these birds. But in 
size one finds that birds from northern, western, and 
central Europe are larger than those from the Balkans, 
Sardinia, Corsica, Palestine, and Egypt. I deal with birds 
from Crete and Cyprus later on, as they differ in plumage- 
colour and constitute a paler race. 
The larger northern race is, of course, 
Corvus cornix cornix L. 
B . Wing 316-340 ; culmen, length 49-60, height 19*5-22. 
$ . Wing 305-331; culmen, length 49-54, height 19-21. 
The small southern race becomes 
Corvus cornix sardonius Kleinschm., 1903. 
Corvus cegyptiaca Brehm, 1853, nom. nud.: Egypt. 
C. c. sardonius Kleinschm., 1903 : Sardinia. 
C. c. valachus Tschusi, 1904 : Rumania. 
C. c. balcanicus Rzehak, 1906 : Balkans. 
? C. c. kaukasicus (lengler, 1919 : Caucasus. 
C. c. syriacus Grengler, 1919 : Jerusalem. 
C. c. judceus Meinertzhagen, 1919 : S. Palestine. 
$ . Wing 280-324* ; culmen, length 50-59, height 16*5-22. 
? . Wing 278-317 ; culmen, length 42-59, height 17-20. 
Now birds from Cyprus appear to agree well with 
C. c. sardonius in size, but are paler, which colour is quite 
distinct in fresh autumn plumage. Four birds have measure¬ 
ments as follows :— 
1 £. Wing 292; culmen, length 55, height 20. 
3 ? . Wing 295-298 ; culmen, length 48-53, height 17-20. 
Stresemann (Avif. Macedon.) gives the wings of two 
Cyprus birds as 285-289, whilst Madarasz gives the wings 
of eleven birds as 288-313. 
* Once 331 (Egypt) and once 333 (Rumania). 
