652 Col. R. Meinertzhagen on Birds from [Ibis, 
Fauna) in uniting them all as geographical races of the same 
species ; in fact, some specimens of typical rufulus from India 
are merely small editions of A. r. richiardi or striolatus. 
Haying united Asiatic A. rufulus with A. richardi , it is 
only logical to include as geographical races of richardi the 
various African races which hitherto have been treated as 
races of rufulus. Oscar Neumann apparently came to the 
same conclusion (J. f. 0. 1906, p. 231). 
Head and back always distinctly and usually boldly 
blotched and streaked. Breast always distinctly spotted. 
2nd and 3rd primaries usually equal and longest, but 1st 
and 4th come very close. 
The outer web of the penultimate tail-feather is only dark 
brown at the base. The outer tail-feather has a triangular¬ 
shaped white mark on its distal part. This white is rarely 
tinged with buff or brown. 
Inner secondaries usually shorter than the longest prim¬ 
aries, but frequently equal to them and occasionally longer. 
This variability occurs most frequently in birds from tropical 
and southern Africa. 
Hind claw longer than in the campestris -, sordidus -, or 
leucophrys-g roups, when birds of the same size are compared. 
An thus r. richardi. 
Anthus richardi Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. Nat. xxyi. 
1818, p. 491 : France. 
35 examined. 
Distinguished at once from all other races by its huge 
hind claw and longer wing. Wing 90-100, culmen 15*5-18, 
hind claw 16-22 mm. 
Breeds in central and southern Siberia, and in eastern 
Turkestan to the Altai and Tianshan systems, east to 
Manchuria and northern China—Kansu, Szechwan, Nanshan, 
Kukunor, and the upper Hoang Ho. 
Winters in Europe west to England and France, in Egypt, 
the Sudan, Palestine, Asia Minor, India, and Ceylon, Siam 
(rare), southern China, and Hainan. 
