380 
RUSH SHIPPEN HUIDEKOPEK. 
in animals. Zend A vesta, the Arab, and Charaka, the Hindoo, 
mention several of their maladies. Ebers shows that dissection 
was carried on during the earliest Egyptian dynasties, and prob¬ 
ably much more frequently in animals than in man, on account of 
the rigid religious rules in regard to the dead. The Egyptians 
• had as many specialties as a medical school of to-day, and distinct 
mention is made of doctors for fowls. Numerous references are 
made in the Bible to diseases of animals and to herbk used in 
curing their troubles, and in the Mosaic laws we have clear orders 
for the inspection of meat and the division of animals into the 
pure and impure. Diodes (360 B. C.) derived most of his knowl¬ 
edge of anatomy from animals, and Xenophon (445 B. 0.) in his 
treatise on cavalry describes some of the ailments of horses and 
especially speaks of founder. Aristotle (384-322 B. C.) wrote a 
work of some size on animal medicine which has been translated 
with great care by Doctors Anbert and Wimmer. Pamphylus of 
Alexandria (200 B. C.) Florentius, and Magon of Carthage at 
about the same date wrote works which were complete for the 
time; the latter was translated by Dionysius of Utica. 
In early times the practice of animal medicine was almost ex¬ 
clusively confined to the shepherds and farriers, who rarely raised 
themselves above the common ignorance of the day. The sur¬ 
gical operations were limited to castration of the male of all 
species, and to the castration of female swine, which was also 
done by the earliest nomad races, and at the beginning of the 
Christian Era was a well known operation in Italy and Gaul. In 
the prime of the Grecian rule of the world, we find accounts of 
doctors for horses, who had, however, but a summary knowledge 
of diseases and blemishes, but who kept in accord with the spirit 
of the age in proposing great numbers and varieties of curative 
medicines. The writings of these men, composed almost entirely 
of letters, were collected in the 10th century by order of the 
Greek Emperor, Constantine Porphyrogennetors, and were printed 
in the 16th century in both Greek and Latin text. The Koman 
Emperors employed veterinary surgeons in their armies and the 
Emperor Augustus ordered the erection of hospitals for sick 
animals, styled u Veterinarium,” in contradistinction to the “vale- 
