INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS. 
385 
mostly recruited from surgeons and smiths who were sent by 
their governments to the French schools, and a number of insti¬ 
tutions were rapidly founded in Hanover, 1778, Dresden, 1780, 
Milan, 1787, Berlin and Munich, 1790, London, 1791, Madrid, 
1793, Gressen, 1798, Petersburgh, Russia, 1808, Naples, 1815, 
Berne, 1816. Zurich, 1819, Skara in Sweden, Stutgart and Utrecht, 
1821, Edinburgh and Toulouse, 1825, Alexandria in Egypt and 
Lisbon, 1830, Cureghem, near Brussels, 1832, Warsaw, 1840, 
Constantinople, 1842, and others. 
In England the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons was 
founded in 1791 by a number of noblemen and rich cattle owners, 
at the instigation of a French veterinarian, Vial de Saint Bel, 
who became the first director. It never received government aid, 
but has been supported by subscriptions of members of the society, 
by scholars’ fees, by an annual subscription from the Agricultural 
Society and by the board of the animals in its hospital. Two 
institutions of a similar nature have been undertaken in recent 
years in London, by Ainslie and Gamgee, but they were short 
Jived, though the latter did much to awaken an interest in scien¬ 
tific training The Dick College in Edinburgh, Scotland, 
founded in 1825, has furnished many teachers and practitioners of 
renown, and by recent rich bequests promises to take on renewed 
vigor. Tlie New School in Edinburgh, under Prof. Williams, 
lias just been re-established in fine buildings. Dublin and Glasgow 
have each a school. In Italy the schools of Turin, Milan and 
Naples draw the largest number of students, while there are also 
institutions rich in their museums, libraries and laboratories, at 
Bologna, Pisa, Parma and Modena, with secondary schools at 
Perugia and several smaller towns. The teachers are all govern¬ 
ment officers. 
In Germany many of the veterinary chairs in the universities 
have disappeared, or are little known, but that of Giessen has 
always held a well deserved reputation, and in Halle Professor 
Putz is making a name for his chair through his valuable scien¬ 
tific work on the contagious diseases. The Berlin school is the 
great clinical school of Germany, while Dresden and Munich are 
well known for their work in anatomy and laboratory research. 
