78 
THE JOURNAL OF ROTANY 
know of the formation of spores in the algal symbiont, we should 
expect that, if it took place at all in lichens growing in the higher 
latitudes of the north, it would exhibit itself as being most active in 
material collected at the end of J une. 
In addition to observing various phases of sporulation, we have 
noted in several thalli a greater number of empty gonidia than we 
find in similar British species at the period when multiplication of the 
algal cells is most active, but we have failed to discover frequent 
cases of liyphse within colourless (empty) cells, or any case of pene¬ 
tration of hyplue into living gonidia. 
The principal lichen habitats on which the material was gathered 
are summarised below :— 
Bear Island, 74° 35" N. and 19° 0" E. 
(a) Small mounds, upon limestone, situated at heights varying 
from 50-400 feet, and covered with a closed dry vegetation consisting 
of many phanerogams and mosses. 
( b ) A. thick moss carpet of Hypnum uncinatuin Hedw. with Salix 
polar is in slight depressions, the altitude being from 200-300 feet. 
(c) A Rhacomitnum lanuginosum heath about 70 feet up, near 
boulders. It consisted of a dry thick mat of mosses with many 
lichens. 
(d) The exposed surfaces of large boulders piled up into screes. 
The lichens were mostly at a height of 1200 feet on Mt. Misery 
(Spirifex limestone). 
Prince Charles Foreland, between 78° and 79° N. and 12° to 
13° E. 
(e) The bare shingle of a raised beach with practically no soil and 
with very few phanerogams, 30 feet above sea-level. 
(f) A part of the above beach where much sand was deposited; 
Cetraria islandica f. tenuifolia and C. hiascens were abundant. 
(y).Wet mossy slopes, on a hill, with few flowering plants; the 
lichens grew at the top of moss hummocks. 
( h ) The mossy edge of “ polygon areas ” # at a height of 70-80 
feet. Most of the lichens were at the top of small moss ramparts. 
(?) From all sorts of places on mountain slopes, collected by 
Mr. Julian Huxley at a height approximately 1250 feet. 
The genus Cladonia ranks high, not only in respect of the 
quantity of material collected but also in the number of species 
represented. C. pyxidata is possibly the commonest Cladonia found 
in high northern latitudes, as shown by the results of this, and of 
former arctic expeditions f. The specimens, however, are deformed, 
discoloured, and starved to a much greater degree than any other 
lichen in the collection. C. fur cat a var. spinosa Leight., not hitherto 
recorded from Spitsbergen, is considerably discoloured and is some¬ 
times almost black. C. rangiferina and C. sylvatica are evidently 
abundant in Bear Island and on the damp slopes of Prince Charles 
Foreland, but from the present collection it is not possible to state 
* Holmsen, G., “ Spitsbergen Natur og Historie,” reprinted from Ymer H. I. 
1909. 
t “Report of the Second Norwegian Arctic Expedition in tlie ‘ Fram,’ 1898- 
1902, No. 21,” Otto v. Darbishire, pp. 27, Kristiania, 1909. 
