CATALOGUE AND PRICE LIST 
9i 
Overwintering eggs of 
aphids or plant lice on 
apple twig. Courtesy Ohio 
Agricfltural Experimental 
Station. 
In not a few cases, it has happened that those once interested in spraying, later, 
were disappointed in the results and gave up the practice. Of all orchard work, 
spraying is most likely to be slighted or neglected, so that most cases of failure may 
be traced to the use of the wrong formula, to the failure to spray at the proper 
time, or to a lack of thoroughness of application. But spraying is not to be con¬ 
sidered an exact science, as methods and formulae should be adapted and modified 
to meet varying conditions. Moreover, the beginner need not fear that his trees will 
be ruined by lack of knowledge relative to the full and exact methods of preparing 
formulae, for only by gross carelessness or utter disregard of the simple directions 
and information herewith given could such results occur. The man who would be 
successful in spraying must learn to know the insects and disease by their appear¬ 
ance and their work so as to apply the right treatment at the proper time. 
PLANT AND TREE ENEMIES 
Two kinds of enemies attack fruit trees and plants, namely; insects and fungous 
diseases. The application of substances, usually liquid, to the tree or plant for the 
purpose of preventing or destroying these constitutes spraying, insecticides being used 
for the insects and fungicides for the fungous growths. We spray to destroy insects 
and to prevent fungous diseases. For convenience, injurious insects are usually di¬ 
vided into two classes, based upon their feeding habits; eating or chewing insects 
and sucking insects. 
FEEDING HABITS OF INSECTS 
Chewing insects are those having jaws by means of which they bite off and eat 
portions of the tissues of the plant, such as foliage, fruit buds, tender bark, etc. 
Examples of this class are—the codling-moth which causes wormy apples, the plum 
curculio, the potato “bug” or beetle, caterpillars, etc. Most of the insects of this 
class are very easily controlled by applying to their food arsenical poisons, such as 
Paris green and arsenate of lead which is placed within their feeding range to be 
found by them sooner or later. It is with this class that success depends greatly 
upon spraying at the proper time; for example, the codling-moth caterpillar may be 
killed if there is some poison on the apple just as the insect eats its way in, but 
after once getting into the fruit it is safe. 
Sucking insects are those furnished with a beak or slender tube with which they 
pierce the plant tissue and suck out the sap. Examples of this class are San Jose 
scale, oyster scale scurfy scale, aphias, plant lice, etc. These insects are safe from 
poisons because we cannot get any poison into 
their food and must be killed by a direct ap¬ 
plication of such insecticides as will kill by 
contact, of which the most common are the 
lime sulphur wash and oil emulsion. In fight¬ 
ing this class of insects very thorough work is 
required, for every individual insect must be 
hit by the spray. 
CODLING MOTH 
To be successful when spraying a knowledge 
of certain elementary facts is essential, and a 
short recital of certain life habits of one of 
the most important insects throughout its 
changes may prove helpful and also point out 
the reasons for proper preparations and pre¬ 
cautions. Taking the life of the codling-moth 
and dividing it into a cycle of four stages, (see 
chart on next page) we find certain periods 
when it is vulnerable and others when it is 
protected. 
Scurfy Bark Louse. Large Scales, female. Small 
Scales, male. (Enlarged) Courtesy Ohio 
Agricultural Experiment Station. 
