346 
FR. BLAZKKOVIC 
The form of the hypertrophied heart is often influenced by 
the separate divisions of the heart in different ways. If the left 
ventricle suffer, which is most frequently the case in eccentric 
hypertrophy, the heart generally appears long, conical or cylin¬ 
drical, seldom round or broad; if, on the contrary, the right half 
of the heart be thus attacked the heart increases in its breadth 
diameter. The iuner lining of the heart is often found hyper¬ 
trophied in the left heart, (auricle), frequently in the semi-lunar 
shaped aorta and bicuspid valves. Such hypertrophy is generally 
conditioned by the new formation of cellular tissue which pro¬ 
ceeds from the inner membrane, in the beginning it is soft, 
later tendinous and cartilaginous, and finally it can become ossi¬ 
fied. The valves then are thickened, tunned at the edge; their 
ganglions quite prominent, sometimes grown together with their 
angles closing the aorta partly or completely,—they are insuf¬ 
ficient—in consequence of atheromatous degeneration, rough and 
uneven on the surface, coated with a fibrous coagulation. This 
condition is for the most part the result of inflammation of the 
valves. The bicuspid valves become hypertrophied by thickening 
of the cellular tissue. 
Atrophy. 
Atrophy of the muscles of the heart is rare among domestic 
animals. If it takes place partially, it appears as an attenuation 
of the walls of the auricle; especially is this the ease in horses. 
The muscular substance is but slightly changed; now it is pale 
and tender, then of a darker color and more solid in consistency. 
The primitive bundles are simply atrophied, without other 
changes in texture, often at the same time fatty degenerated. 
We divide atrophy into simple, with unchangeable space of 
the cavities of the heart; into concentric, with diminution; and 
into eccentric, with enlargement of the circumference of the 
heart. The diminution of the heart can be caused by steady 
pressure from without; for instance, a barb-like mass capsulating 
the heart, or fluid exudations after an inflammation, can produce 
such a pressure. Sometimes the heart appears atrophied after a 
long exhaustive illness. In a mild form of the disease the free 
edge of the valves thicken; later they also thicken toward the 
