500 
FK. BLAZEKOVIC. 
when the insufficiency affects the bicuspid valves, or if stenosis be 
present in the ostium renosum, a stagnation of blood and its evil 
consequences occurs in the lungs, and consecutive diseases, as 
chronic hyperamic, chronic bronchial catarrh of the lungs, etc., 
are found. 
We meet with secondary expansion and hypertrophy of the 
aorta and their issues, due to the insufficiency of the semilunar 
valves. 
Secondary and concomitant symptoms are very frequent in 
diseases of the heart, and in chronic diseases of the heart nearly 
always present. These consecutive diseases of liver, lung, kidney, 
spleen, etc., occupy no unimportant place, since they, in many 
cases, form the cessative moments of impeding circulation. How¬ 
ever, in most cases they are brought about by disturbances in the 
circulation and stagnation of blood respiration in consequence of 
imperfect regulation of the circulation on the part of the heart. 
The changes which take place in these organs are very numer¬ 
ous, as hyperamic, congestion, exudation, malformation, fatty 
degeneration, suppuration, ulceration, hypertrophy, atrophy, burst¬ 
ing due to too great pressure and stagnation of the blood, etc. 
However, they have been repeatedly described in books of instruc¬ 
tion and in periodical literature, and I consider it superfluous to 
mention them further, since they do not represent the essential 
part of the subject, but are always secondary phenomena. As 
mentioned before, these consecutives are in general not to be re¬ 
garded as the cause, but as the effect of abnormities of the heart, 
particularly of the chronic. 
Diagnosis and Symptoms of Diseases of the Heart. 
No affection is so .difficult to diagnose as that of diseases of 
the heart. Only a few expedients are at the disposal of the 
veterinarian to find out the condition of the affected heart. Still, 
by utilizing these, though meagre auxiliary means, and by close 
examination of the often very trivial symptoms, finally—what is 
most important—by thorough knowledge of the normal functions 
of the heart, it is possible to declare with certainty the presence 
of an affection of the heart. 
The first and most important auxiliary is the pulse beat and 
