170 Samuels.—A Pathological Anatomical Study of 
an active tendency to change its form, and I find this to be the case from my 
own observations. As stated, this does not depend on the cell form but 
only on the physiological processes there. This is demonstrated by the 
difference between the nuclear form of the common or raphid cell and those 
of its neighbouring cells which are without crystals and of the same size. 
I agree with Schiller that the supposition of Miehe (35), Haberlandt 
(15), Rosen (43), and other investigators, that the nuclear forms are due 
to tension which is brought about by the change in cell form, is entirely 
wrong. 
Smolak (49) writes about his observations in Prunus doniestica , var. 
Victoria , with regard to the change in nuclear form in the palisade and 
spongy parenchyma cells, which were affected by the silver-leaf disease. 
He says on p. 145 : ‘While the septum-like nuclei appear in the palisade 
cells rather frequently, yet this is not the case in the spongy parenchyma. 
On the contrary, in the latter tissue, the nuclei commonly show sharp- 
pointed lobes as above described. Probably the form which the disorganized 
nucleus takes may be dependent on the form of the cells.’ On p. 150 the 
author further says: ‘The abnormal increase in size of the nucleus is—to 
judge by the manner of its occurrence—connected with the increase of 
metabolism, just as it is, for instance, in the large nuclei in the glands of 
animals or in healthy tissues of the seaweed Antithamnion (Schiller, 14), 
where the surface of the nuclei is much increased in size by enlargement 
and change of form or development of lobes.’ 
I agree with Smolak that the increase in size or very often the change 
in form may be connected with the increase of metabolism. The change in 
nuclear form, as it is demonstrated by his figures, shows that it is not due to 
the increase of metabolism, but to pathological phenomena which are no 
doubt caused by toxaemia. 
In his first paragraph he contradicts himself by assuming that in 
an organized cell the changes in nuclear form are dependent on the cellular 
form, but I believe that it has no relation to cell form. On the contrary, it 
is influenced by the metabolic processes either physiological or pathological 
therein. 
The behaviour of the contents of the raphid cell nucleus with respect to 
the nucleolus leads to the supposition of water loss. The more water 
the nucleus is deprived of, the larger becomes the nucleolus, which is to 
be regarded as nothing more than a secretion of the nucleus, that is to say, 
a metabolic product. 
The nucleoli appear especially large in the hypertrophied crystal cells, 
whereas, as previously stated, they do not assume any unduly large propor¬ 
tions nor become very conspicuous in the nucleus of a normal parenchyma 
cell. Because of this abnormal nucleolar size in such hypertrophied crystal 
cells very often there results, in all probability, a special process in the 
