Crystal Cyst Formation in Parenchymatous Tissue. 173 
formed to facilitate the transmission of secondary substance resulting from 
the activity of chromatin substance. 
( On the other hand, one finds no reason to regard the difference in staining 
between the nucleoles and the nucleus as evidence for Schiirhoffs view of the 
latter. 
Contrary to the statements of botanists thus far mentioned, Van 
Wisselingh, in his recent paper on Zygnema cruciatum (62), says that the chro¬ 
mosomes arise from the nuclear network and not from the nucleoles (p. 10 ). 
Arthur Meyer (33 and 34) regards the nucleoles as a part of the nucleus, 
consisting of protein substances which resemble the nucleo-proteins and 
which belong, probably, to a special chemical group. 
Regarding the latest view-point among the zoologists, it is worth while 
to refer to the publications and discussions of Schreiner (52-4) and 
Hogben (18). 
Schreiner mentioned an excretion of particles through the nuclear wall 
by way of the nucleolar threads in the fat cells of plyxine , thus giving 
rise to stainable plasm rods. This author, referring to his own results, says 
on p. 138 : ‘ Diese Untersuchungen haben als Resultat ergeben, dass das 
haufige Auftreten von feinen Plasmakornchen in der unmittelbaren Nahe 
innerhalb der Kernmembran von der Nukleolarsubstanz herstammt.’ 
Schreiner believes that these granular bodies or fuchsinophil plasma ele¬ 
ments are active in the process of excretion, and that the fat substance 
is indirectly formed from the nucleolus. 
Hogben (p. 286 ), Loyez, and Hegner (see Hogben) stated that the 
secondary nuclei originate from the granules which have been ejected from 
the nucleus of the oocyte nurse cells and oocyte follicles and transferred as 
chromidia into nucleoform bodies by the cytoplasm of the egg. ‘He finally 
regards the nucleoles as transitory structures. 
Schiller (47) agrees with Haecker, and adds: ‘ The nucleoli are still 
separated in soluble form from the nucleus during the inactive period of the 
latter as a kind of secretion at the beginning of the mitosis/ He also 
believes that the increase of nuclear substance, i. e. division, depends upon 
favourable external conditions. 
Regarding the division I agree entirely with him, but not in regard 
to the increase under certain circumstances, as in the cyst cells in the 
parenchyma tissue of Anthurium. It is a fact that in pathological cases 
the nucleolus becomes larger with every following division. In this case, 
no doubt, the influence of abnormal conditions are of importance. 
Zacharias ( 66 ) stated that the advanced age of the leaves of Galanthus 
occurs together with the decrease of the nucleolar substance of the nucleoli. 
This statement may hold true so far as it concerns Galanthus , but not always 
in other cases. Changes in form and size of nucleus and nucleolus are very 
different, according to the nature of the pathological circumstances. 
