Szabo.—The Development of the Flower of the Dipsacaceae. 327 
orientation is shown, and the parts of the calyx are not shown except in the 
more developed state. 
During the further development there are to be seen other and more 
important differences, when the ovary is in the course of formation. 
According to Payer the development of the ovary of Dipsacus (with one 
stigma) takes place so that at the edge of the carpel cavity there appear 
not two antero-posterior protuberances, but a single one (1. c., p. 630), which 
elongates and becomes the style. The situation of this horseshoe-shaped 
protuberance is transverse on the right in Payer’s drawing ( 1 . c., PL 131, 
Figs. 12, 13). The ovule begins to develop from the transverse (left) side 
( 1 . c., PL 131, Figs. 15, 16). Van Tieghem comments on this observation 
and drawing of Payer’s, supposing that Payer sees the origin both of the 
ovary and of the style in the same anterior carpellary protuberance, while the 
posterior carpel is assumed to be totally missing. Eichler’s and van Tieghem’s 
statements are not based upon actual observation of the development, but 
are deductions from the adult condition. It has been already stated by 
Buchenau (1) that the pistil originates with the median-dorsal (posterior) 
carpel. According to Eichler the median-posterior ovule appears on the 
suture of the carpel, and therefore this carpel must have a median-anterior 
situation. The papillose, furrowed part of the stigma looks forward. This 
situation may be explained by the posterior carpel; van Tieghem assented 
to this opinion too, concluding that the carpel of the Scabiosae with two 
stigmas originates in two protuberances, but that only one of them takes 
part in the formation of the ovary. On the other hand, from the median- 
anterior protuberance of the Dipsacaceae and Cephalariae with one stigma, 
the ovary only develops ; the style and the stigma originate from the 
posterior protuberance. 
The results of my own investigations do not support these views ; 
I find that on the one-stigmated Cephalariae there appears only one carpel- 
protuberance, the situation of which is median-posterior, or it is protruded 
in the direction of the diagonal. From this protuberance develop the style 
and the ovule , but the ovary is a cupzdar {axial) formation. This protuber¬ 
ance is a rudiment of four carpels, as I shall show later on when discussing 
the formation of the tissues. This result may be proved by the following 
phenomena: In the early stage of the development of the flower-bud the 
conditions are just the same as in the genera with two stigmas. The top of 
the flower-protuberance is concave. This cavity is already visible when the 
protuberances of the involucel and those of the calyx and corolla appear. 
(See Text-fig. 1.) This cavity becomes more and more deep, just as in the 
case of the Knautiae. In Text-fig. 2, which is a nearly median, longitudinal 
section of the stage shown in PI. VII, Fig. 6, there is a protuberance to be 
seen {g) which is the carpel protuberance. This, together with the basal 
part of the opposite median-anterior petal outgrowth (c), borders a depres- 
