100 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE GENUS CAREx. 
formes, vel inferiores 1-2 subulato-foliacege. Spices concolores: 
mascula 3 lin. longa, sessilis: foeminese 2-3 lin.longse : omnes 
congests, vel infima paulo remota, rarius radicalis, plus minus 
longe exserte pedunculata. Squamae conformes. Perigynium 
.1 t 5 -o~to h n - longum, T V--X. lin- latum, compresso-subtrigonum : 
angulo ut in affinibus introrso; rostro Ar hu- longo; ore 
emarginato bidentato ; marginibus interdum lsevibus : parce 
puberulum. Achenium T s -o Hn. longum, latum, piano in- 
sequaliter trigonum, eastaneum; basi styli clavata, articulata, 
decidua. 
This species is allied to G. Pmmonsii, chiefly differing in the 
deep purple colour of the squama, and the remarkably long, curved, 
rigid leaves. Dewey, I know not on what authority, quotes 
Schweinitz for its being found in Pennsylvania. In the analytical 
table it is said to be a native of Carolina, and Torrey gives “ Salem, 
North Carolina,” as the habitat, on the authority of Schweinitz. 
Mr. Curtis found it on Society Hill, South Carolina, and though 
not noticed by Elliott, Mr. Curtis tells me it is in his herbarium 
from Schweinitz from North Carolina. I have not observed any 
florets with 2 stigmas. Dewey, in his character, gives 3, and in 
his description says they are 2. From its close affinity with G. 
Ploridana, which has commonly 2, but occasionally 3 stigmas, it 
is more than probable that 2 will be found in G. nigro-marginata , 
especially as the perigynium occasionally exhibits a lenticular or 
plano-convex form. 
244. C« Ploridana (Schweinitz, An. tab.).— Seine. et 
Tor. 306. t. 28. fig. 1; Dewey, x. 45; Kunth, 408; 
Torrey, Cyp. 411. C. lucorum, var., Chapman, FI. 539. 
(Tab. CCXCVII.) 
ITab. In America septentrionali. Florida, Chapman, 
Le Conte. 
Habitus et infloreseentia C. nigro-marginatae, sed pallidior; 
spicis pene decoloribus, leviter tantum purpureo-tinctis; stig- 
matibus 2, rarius 3 ; perigyniis ovalibus, plano-convexis, rarius 
trigonis; achenio lenticulari vel triquetro. 
This plant looks like an etiolated G. nigro-marginata. Dr. Chap¬ 
man, in his notes, contends for its specific distinction on the 
ground that it has invariably 2 stigmas, with the corresponding 
plano-convex and lenticular form of the perigynium and achenium. 
But I have specimens of his in which 3 stigmas are discernible, 
and M. Spach thinks such are generally to be found on the top 
of the spikes. Torrey, in his Mon. 412, remarks that “ it has 
3 stigmas almost uniformly ” in his specimens. Both he and 
Sclrveinitz had previously described only 2; and from the congested 
spikes and inconspicuous male spike, Schweinitz was, in his ana¬ 
lytical index, misled, describing “ the androgynous spike male in 
summit,” an error which in his and Torrey’s monograph led to 
the idea that it was allied to G. Mulileiibergii. Dewey first cor¬ 
rected this error, rightly associating it with G. JVovcs-Anglics. 
He describes the stigmas as 2 only, and I cannot but suspect that 
Torrey, in his monograph, referred to other specimens sent by 
Chapman, which have 3 stigmas and a trigonous perigynium, and 
which Chapman referred with a query to “ C. Pmmonsii f” I am 
indebted to Mr. Carey for specimens of them. They are too 
young, but I think do not essentially differ from C. Pmmonsii. 
They are stouter and have long foliaceous stolons, and are with¬ 
out the long annotinous leaves of G. Ploridana. 
Dr. Chapman, in his Elora, p. 539, has since adopted other 
views, and considers G. Ploridana a variety of C. lucorum. He 
certainly errs in saying the stigmas are 3. In all the specimens 
I have seen they are generally 2. This zealous botanist, to whom 
we are so recently and largely indebted for his very valuable ‘ Elora 
of the Southern United States,’ will in the future editions of his 
work, I hope, clear up the difficulties of this group, contrasting 
the plant from the mountains of North Carolina with those from 
the sandy plains, and the Southern forms with those of the 
Northern States. My object in these ‘Illustrations’ has been to 
give figures of what have been generally considered species, leaving 
future observers in the fields of nature to determine their specific 
claims, but fully alive to the importance of carefully noting all 
evident variations from a typical character. 
245. C. Richardson! (Brown); spicis 2-4 oblongo- 
cylindricis subremotis erectis albido-purpureis, terminal! 
mascula pedunculata, foemineis inserte vel breve exserte 
pedunculatis ; bracteis vaginseformibus aphyllis ; stigma- 
tibus 3, longis ; perigyniis obovatis insequaliter trigonis 
abrupte rostellatis, ore byalino integro, pubescentibus 
enerviis membranaceis pallidis, squama ovato-lanceolata 
acuta vel obtusa purpurea margine late scariosa amplec- 
tente angustioribus brevioribusque.-—C. Richardsoni, 
Brown, Franldins Nar. App. 763 (1823); Hooker, FI. 
Bor. Am. t. 223; Kunth, 519; Schio. et Tor. 330; 
Dewey, xi. 152; Carey, 526; Sartwell, Fxs. n. 110. 
(Tab. CCXCYIII.) 
ITab. In America septentrionali. Arctic America, 
Bichardson. Rocky Mountains, Drummond. North-west 
Coast, Douglas. Illinois, Mead. (New York, Deivey.) 
Wisconsin, Sartwell ( fide Carey). 
Stolonifera. Culmus -1>—I. -pcclal 1.s, scaber, obtusangulus, 
erectus, basi vaginis foliiferis ferrugineis tectus; pars spicas 
gerens 11-8 poll, longa. Folia 1-1 lin. lata, plana, firma, 
culmo breviora. Vaginas bractearum purpurese, apice scariosse, 
acutse, apbyllge, 1-4 lin. longse. Pedunculus infimus 4-8 lin. 
longus, scaber. Spica mascula 4-12 lin. longa, 1-2 lin. lata, 
ssepe clavata. Spicas fosmineae plerumque breviores, sequilatse, 
subdensifloree, infima interdum basi composita. Squamae con- 
formes, demum decolores. Perigynium l- 3 - (j - lin. longum, T fi 6 - 
lin. latum. Achenium 1 lin. longum, A, lin. latum, conforme, 
insequaliter subplano-trigonum; ferrugineum basi styli incras- 
sata. 
This example of the Dactylostachycd of Drejer in habit is like 
C. cardiolepis, Nees, but differs in the nerveless perigynium and 
squamae. It was considered to be confined to the northern parts 
of the American continent till Dr. Mead discovered it in Illinois. 
I have not seen specimens from any other parts of the States. I 
observe occasionally, in some young florets, 4 stigmas, and the 
composition of the female spike is from proliferous perigynia, 
bearing on each side of the spike an exserted axis, with one or 
two perfect flowers. The marginal bracts terminate in an acute 
scarious apex. 
246. C. Tolmiei (Boott); spicis 3-9 atro- vel ferrugi- 
neo-purpureis ovatis oblongisque, terminali mascula sub- 
sessili, foemineis ssepe apice masculis, superioribus ovatis 
sessilibus arete contiguis, inferioribus oblongis remotis 
longe setaceo-peduneulatis nutantibus vel pendulis evagi- 
natis ; bracteis inferioribus foliaceis, infima culmum sub- 
sequante; stigmatibus 3 ; perigyniis ovalibus compresso- 
subtriquetris cylindrico-rostellatis, ore integro obliquo, 
pallidis purpureo-tinctis parce nervatis, squama ovata 
obtusa mutica purpurea, nervo pallido margine ssepe de- 
colori brevioribus vel longioribus.—C. Tolmiei, Boott, 
Hook. FI. Bor. Am. 224. C. melastoma, Fischer, in 
Herb. Boott. (Tab. CCXCIX.) 
ITab. North-west Coast, America. Columbia River, 
Tolmie; Seemann, n. 2207 C Herb. Hooker). Behring’s 
Straits, Lungsdorff {Fischer). Arakamtchetchene Island, 
Behring’s Straits, Wright, in U. S. H. Facific Fxp. 
{Herb. Gray). 
Rhizoma horizontaliter repens, fibris lanatis. Culmus 1-1Y 
