98 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE GENUS CAREX. 
subsequantia, glauco-viridia. Bractea infima interdum foliacea, 
1 lin. lata, culmo longior. Spica mascula 3-10 lin. longa. 
Spices fee,minces, rarius apice mascula;, alternse : superiores sub- 
globosEe, pauciflorse, sessiles: inferiores oblongse, pedunculatse, 
4-6 lin. longse: infima ssepe 14 lin. remota, rarius basi com- 
posita. Pedunculus infimus 1-3 lin. longus. Vagina 1-11 
lin. longa. Squamce pallidge, vel castanese, margine albo-hya- 
linse, obtuscC, muticse vel acuta?,, acuminatse, cuspidatse: foemi- 
neae interdum cmarginatce. Perigynium 1 Lo~-ro Fii. longum, 
to lin. latum, rostro Ao“ro lin. longo, ssepe basi plus minus 
nervatum. Achenium r 8 -g- lin. longum, lin. latum, trigono- 
globosum, faciebus convexis, basi breve productum, ferrugi- 
neum, angulis 3 pallidioribus, abrupte basi styli persistente 
recta sequali apiculatum. Stylus supra basin clavatus. Stig¬ 
mata 3, longa. 
A C. pilulifera differt inflorescentia laxa; spicis plus minus 
remotis, laxifloris, ssepe paucifloris; perigyniis subinde nerva- 
tis, rostro nunc excurvato, bifido ; basi styli persistente recta; 
vaginis foliorum purpureis. 
A C. Pennsylvania differt spicis foemineis ssepius pluribus; 
perigyniis ssepe nervatis; forma bractearum ; foliis latioribus, 
glaucescentibus; radice fibrosa. 
A C. Novce-Anglice differt colore pallido, bracteis superiori- 
bus brevioribus, et 
A C. Emmonsii differt spica infima pedicellata; perigyniis 
globosis, ab utraque culmo validiore; foliis latioribus; spica 
mascula magis conspicua, foemineis magis remotis; perigyniis 
subinde nervatis. 
There is no abrupt transition from what I have considered should 
be the typical form of C. varia and its variety, for I observe them 
on the same root. The difference no doubt depends upon locality, 
the larger development found in moist woods and the smaller in 
open, dry hills, and then having a more coloured inflorescence. I 
can have no doubt of the specific distinction of G. varia and C. 
Pennsylvania. In 58 specimens of G. varia I find— 
2 with 2 spikes. 
16 „ 3 
35 „ 4 
5 „ 5 
58 
and in 159 specimens of G. Pennsylvania I find— 
41 with 2 spikes. 
94 „ 3 
24 „ 4 
159 
In G. Pennsylvania the terminal spike in 7 was female at top ; 
in 4 the lower of 3 spikes was radical, oblong, lax-flowered on a 
long peduncle, and in 1 the lower of 4 spikes was 1 inch remote, 
with a leafy bract. 
The resemblance of the var. /3, with the elongated male spike, 
is however close. But the root of G. Pennsylvania is stoloniferous, 
the leaves narrower, of a brighter green and softer texture, the 
female spikes oftener 2 or 1, and sessile; the perigynium oftener 
larger, variable in the length of the rostrum and lacinise, and 
nerveless; the bracts ovate-lanceolate, acute, more or less sub- 
foliaceous, amplexiform at base, while those of G. varia are auricled, 
the upper emarginate, as the female scales occasionally are. The 
scales in G. varia are generally shorter than the perigynium, the 
rostrum sometimes oblique, the mouth less obliquely cut, and 
bifid, the lower'spike often pedicellate. The perigynium in both 
when mature is suborbicular, spongy at base, as is common to the 
whole group. This spongy base contracts by age. There are only 
2 prominent marginal nerves generally, though in C. varia there 
are occasionally nerves at base, more or less distinct, which appear 
translucent, when held to the light, after the achenium is removed. 
G. varia is a paler plant generally, and flowers later in the spring. 
I have never seen the lower spike radical in G. varia , nor the male 
spike androgynous, nor the vaginse of the leaves reticulate. 
240. C. Pennsylvania (Lamarck); spicis 3-2 rarius 
4, e viridi purpureis, terminali ornnino vel basi mascula 
trigona sessili vel breve pedunculata, feemineis ssepius 2 
sessilibus paucifloris contiguis, vel infima subremota ra¬ 
rius radicali laxiflora longe pedunculata; bracteis squa¬ 
mae formibus acutis auriculatis amplectentibus cuspidatis 
spicula brevioribus, vel infima subulata rarius culmum 
sequante ; stigmatibus 3 ; perigyniis globosis abrupte 
breve conico-rostratis, rostro recto, ore obliquo membra- 
naceo integro vel bilobato saepe alte fisso, pubescentibus 
enerviis viridi-ferrugineis, squamam oblongo-ovatam acu- 
tam vel acuminatam rarius cuspidatam purpuream mar¬ 
gine anguste albo-hyalinam subaequantibus.—C. Pennsyl¬ 
vania, Lam. Ency. iii. 388 ; Torrey, Cyp. 410 ; Carey, 
526; Darlington, 350; Sarhoell, Exs. n. 107; Chap¬ 
man, 539. C. marginata, Muhl. 237 ; Willd. 261; Sch/c. 
f. 143; Kunth, 443; Deioey, xi. 163; Sclav. et Tor. 
332; Elliott, 542. (Tab. CCXC., CCXCI.) 
Hab. In America septentrionali. Carlton blouse to 
Carolina and Georgia. Rocky Mountains. 
Radix stolonifera. Culmi 6-12-pollica'res, erecti, scabri, 
basi reliquiis foliorum fibratis vaginisque ferrugineo-purpureis 
reticulato-fissis foliisque brevibus tecti; pars spicas gerens 8-14 
lin. longa. Folia |-1 lin. lata, pallide viridia, graminea, culmo 
breviora vel sequantia, Bractea nunquam. emarginatse. Spica 
mascida 5-9 lin. longa, 1-11 lin. lata {sec. Muhl.), trigona, 
rarius apice foeminea. Spicce foeminece 2 vel 1, rarius 3, ses¬ 
siles, 3-6-florse, contiguse, vel infima 6-10-flora, paulo remo¬ 
ta, rarius radicalis, laxiflora, longe pedunculata. Squamce 
purpurea?, nervo pallido, margine albo-liyaliiue: masculse ob- 
tusse vel lanceolatse, acutse vel cuspidata?: feeminese perigynio 
plerumque longiores et latiores. Perigynium 1-,% lin. longum, 
t ! l lin. latum. Achenium Ao-lxjr bn. longum, -/-o lin- latum, 
globosum, basi productum, angulis 3 notatis, vel teres, angulis 
obliteratis, apice basi styli persistente sequali brevissima apicu¬ 
latum. Stylus supra basin clavatus, ssepe demum exsertus. 
Whether the C. lucorwn, Willd. (Kunze, 153, t. 39), is to he 
considered a variety of G. Pennsylvania ( rostro elongato), must 
be determined by future observation. The inflorescence and habit 
are the same. I have a specimen from Kunze from the moun¬ 
tains at Broad River, North Carolina, and can see no difference 
except in the elongated rostrum. I have figured a small spe¬ 
cimen and perigynium in Tab- CCXCI. from Arctic America, 
in which the rostrum is unusually long, the specimen from which 
it was taken differing in no other respect from G. Pennsylvania. 
Dr. Gray and Mr. Carey found a carex on the Roan and other 
mountains of North Carolina, which in habit is the same as O. 
lucorum, except that the leaves and culm are very long. Dr. Gray 
remarks that it “ rarely fruits.” Mr. Carey (p. 525) says the 
plant figured by Kunze is G. Novce-Anglice, and he inserts “ G. 
lucorum, Kunze, not Willd. ?” as a synonym of that species, and 
adds :—“ The mature perigynia in Kunze’s figure have the elon¬ 
gated beak of G. nigro-marginata, Schw. (possibly the O. lucorum 
of Willd.).” Mr. Carey takes no notice of the plant he found on 
the Roan Mountain, and probably the absence of perigynia pre¬ 
vented his observing its affinity to Kunze’s plant. Future ob¬ 
servers must clear up the difficulty, my present impression being, 
with Schlechtendal (Linnea, x. 262) and Kunze, that C. lucorum is 
closely allied, to G. Pennsylvania. 
Dr. Chapman, in his valuable ‘ Flora of the Southern United 
States,’ inserts C. lucorum, and considers O. nigro-marginata, G. 
Floridana, and G. Pmmonsii as varieties of it, all growing in “ dry 
sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina.” He takes no notice of the 
plant found on the mountains of North Carolina. 
241. C. umbellata (Schkuhr); spicis 2-6 ovalibus pur- 
pureis vel pallidis, terminali mascula rarius basi mascula 
