ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE GENUS CAREX. 
87 
ference between them, as we see them in herbaria, is merely that 
of age. That age modifies the character in Carex is evident, by 
often adding to the substance of the perigynium, affecting its 
roughness, frequently its form, colour, and degree of nervation, 
rendering it more or less turgid, and giving a rigidity to all parts 
of the plant; and in these puzzling paniculate species, it, and 
probably locality, give a greater or less luxuriance to the inflo¬ 
rescence, and influence the number of the female florets. 
213. C. Indica (L.); spica longissima ferruginea, e 
spicis partialibus subdecem singulis, superioribus con- 
tiguis sessilibus (ambitu ovato) pinnatim, inferioribus (am- 
bitu lanceolato) cluplicato-pinnatim compositis remotis 
longe exserte peclunculatis stride erectis longissime la- 
teque bracteatis; spiculis lanceolatis subdimidiatim vel 
longius apice masculis basi flosculis foemineis 2-7 in- 
structis alternis divaricatis ; stigmatibus 3 ; perigyniis 
ovalibus obtuse trigonis stepe uno latere gibbosis ros- 
tratis, ore membranaceo integro oblique secto, sequaliter 
crebre valideque nervosis olivaceis glabris vel superne ad 
margin es serratis arete contiguis rectis vel subexcurvis, 
squama subrotunda obtusissima vel ovata acuta, plus 
minus longe aristata ferruginea margine apice albo- 
liyalina glabra striato-nervosa longioribus (arista) bre- 
vioribus.—C. Indica, Lin. Mant. 574 (non aliorum). 
(Tab. CCL.-CCLIIL, et Yar. ft Tab. CCLIV.) 
ITab. Ceylon, Thioaites; Stocks (Herb. Hooker'). Java, 
Zollinger, n. 311, 318 (Herb. Mas. Paris).—$. lie St. 
Georges, Archipel des lies Salomon, ILombron (Herb. 
Mas. Paris). Tenasserim, Telfer (Herb. Hooker). Fee- 
jee group, Milne (Herb. Hooker). 
Culmus 3-pedalis, validus, obtusangufus, lsevis, apice acut- 
angulus, scaber, basi reliquiis foliorum fibratis, fuscis, foliisque 
vaginantibus tectus ; pars spicas gerens fere tripedalis. Folia 
5 lin. lata, culmum subsequantia. Bractea infima 5 lin. lata, 
2|-pedalis ; superiores obsoletse; vaginse ima basi purpurese. 
Pedunculi inferiores 7-10 poll, longi, apice scabriusculi. Spica. 
partiales superiores 6, contiguse, sessiles, ebracteatse, 11 poll, 
longse, subpollicem latse, divaricate: inferiores 21-3 poll, 
longe, 11 poll, latse: a se 5—10 poll, remote: infima subra- 
dicalis: erecte, ferruginese, concolores, basi ramose: rami 
sessiles, 5-stachyi. Spicidce 6-8 lin. longse, basi 3 lin. late : 
omnes in spicis superioribus vel ad apicem spicarum infe- 
riarum et in ramis pinnatim disposite, altcrne, divaricate: 
pars staminifera apicem dimidiam vel partem longiorem spi¬ 
cule occupans : basi flosculis foemineis 2—7 instructse : axis 
scaberrimus. Squamce leviter striato-nervosse, aliter 1-nervate : 
feeminese inferiores subrotunde, obtusissime, longe aristate : 
superiores ovate, acute: mascule ovato-lanceolate, acute 
vel mucronate. Rachis angulata, apice setose scaberrima. 
Perigynium lft— 2ft lin. longum, ft—ft- lm- latum, plus minus 
turgidum, sepe uno latere gibbosum; rostrum supra ejus basin 
tumidum. Achenium 1 lin. longum, vix ft lin. latum, ovali- 
triquetrum, basi productum, faciebus apice convexis basi con- 
cavis, flavidum ; basi styli persistente, columnari, bulboso-in- 
crassata. Stigmata longa. 
Var. ft squamis foemineis truncatis emarginatis. 
Linnseus has afforded no evidence whence he received his 0. 
Indica. A figure of his specimen from his herbarium in the 
Linnsean Society is given in Tab. CCL. I was for a long time 
m search among the various collections from the East Indies for 
specimens like it, and found none, till Sir W. Hooker sent me a 
plant collected by Mr. Thwaites, in Ceylon, from which I have 
made my description of the species. I have since seen, in Sir 
William’s herbarium specimens, found in Ceylon by Mr. Stocks, 
in Tenasserim by Heifer, and the Eeejee group by Milne, and 
have been indebted to M. Spach for one from the Salomon Archi¬ 
pelago, found by Hombron (Yoy. de l’Astrolabe et de la Zelee) ; 
and also from Java, found by Zollingero. I can see no essential 
difference in these plants to justify their separation from the 
Ceylon one. No dependence can be placed, in this paniculate 
group, on the number of the female florets, nor on the form of the 
squamae, which in what I have considered as a variety /3 have a broad 
truncate or emarginate apex, a character more or less observable in 
the Ceylon plant. In the Java plant the inflorescence is of a pale 
straw-colour, the partial spikes rather longer, and the spiculse of 
the upper spikes often, and those of the lower always, sterile. In 
one large entire specimen I can only detect two perigynia; the 
female scales are acute, and the male muticce, as they are occa¬ 
sionally in Stock’s specimens from Ceylon. 
Authors have applied the name of 0. Indica to different plants. 
That of Lamarck, Wahlenberg, Willdeuow, and Schkuhr, was from 
the Island of Bourbon; that of Kunth from the Mauritius ; and 
that of Nees from the continent of India. A reference to the 
description of Linnseus will show that the character given by 
these authors will not apply to the true G. Indica. The “ pani- 
cula racemis patulis, cui insident spicse patentes ” of Linnaeus, is 
opposed to the “spicis ramis aggregatis ” of Wahlenberg, and 
to the “ corymbis coarctato-pinnatis ” of Willdenow and Schkuhr. 
Schkuhr figures the perigynium as bifid, and Kunth describes it 
“ rostro bicuspidato.” I therefore should confidently refer the 
G. Indica of Lamarck, Wahlenberg, Willdenow, Schkuhr, and 
Kunth, to G. Wahlenbergiana, Booth, and that of Nees to Lis own 
C. condensata. 
The specimens figured are,—Tab. CCL., from Herb. Linn. ! 
Tab. CCLI., from Ceylon, Thwaites. Tab. CCLII. and CCLIIL, 
from Java, Zollinger. Tab. CCLII., the lower portion, and Tab. 
CCLIIL (the right-hand figure), the upper portion of the same 
specimen. Tab. CCLIV., var. /3, from the Salomon Archipelago, 
Hombron. 
214. C. Harlandi (Boott); spicis 2-4 ex albido pal- 
licle olivaceis contiguis cylindricis erectis, terminali mas- 
cula gracili, reliquis 1-3 foemineis vel apice parce mas- 
culis suberassis, inferior subremota, omnibus vaginatis 
inserte peclunculatis; bracteis foliaceis culmo paulo lon¬ 
gioribus ; stigmatibus 3, sublsevibus; perigyniis elliptico- 
lanceolatis sensim rostratis, ore albo obliquo bidentato, 
obtuse trigonis superne marginibus oreque scabriusculis 
crebre striato-nervosis pallide olivaceis, squama oblonga 
obtusa cuspidata alba nervo viricli latioribus subduplo 
longioribus. (Tab. CCLV.) 
Hab. Hongkong, China, Dr. Harland (Herb. Hooker). 
Culmus 6-14-pollicaris, triqueter, lsevis; pars spicas gerens 
2-7 poll, longa. Folia 10—14 lin. lata, culmo duplo longiora, 
glauco-viriclia, crebre nervosa, marginibus scabris. Bractece 
vaginatse, culmo paulo longiores : infima 3 lin. lata: vel in 
culmis 1-2-stachyis angustse, spiculis breviores. Pedunculi 
inserti. Vagina 3-16 lin. longse. Spica mascula straminea, 
2| poll, longa, 1-11 lin. lata: subinde abbreviata, 7 lin. longa. 
Spicce fceminece 1-3, quandoque apice parce masculse, 11-3 
poll, longse, 3-4 lin. latse, masculse arete contiguse, vel infima 
21 poll, remota. Squamae ciliatse; masculse obtusse, muticse; 
foeminese inferiores, longius cuspidatse. Perigynium 4-4ft lin. 
longum, -ft- lft lin. latum, rostro demum medio tumente. 
Achenium stipitatum, 2ft-3 lin. longum, 1 -lft lin. latum, 
oblongo-obovatum, compresso-trigonum, angulis indentatis, 
parte styli inferiore persistente (ft- lin. longa), conspicue api- 
culatum : ejus apex crassior rima circulari basin styli deci- 
duam bulbosam cingente. Stigmata 3, sublsevia. 
This fine species I have named after the late lamented Dr. 
Harland, to whom we owe its discovery. From the remarkable 
form of the achenium it is allied to G. tenebrosa, Boott. 
