80 
ILLUSTRATIONS OP THE GENUS CAREX. 
Herb. Mus. Paris, a Lgestadio missis, alia culmum prsebent obtus- 
angulam, alia acutangulum, angulis scabro-serrulatis.” I have ob¬ 
served the same variation in Scotch specimens, all in other respects 
having the size and character of G. rariflora. I am not familiar 
with the G. stygia of Pries, which he describes with an acute- 
angled smooth culm, and he remarks that he had received it from 
Pinmark, under the name of 0. limosa. In his Mantissa (iii. 142) 
he was inclined to consider G. rariflora as a var. (3 of C. stygia, 
but in his Summa (p. 71) he admits both as species. Anderson 
(p. 35), however, makes G. stygia a variety of G. rariflora. He says 
of them: “In G. stygia , sub G. rariflora proponenda, valde fui 
dubius, et fateor notas e culmo, fructibus spicisque desumptas, 
quibus quodammodo diversa videntur, sat esse evidentes. Quum 
autem non tantum liabitu toto externo sed etiam characteribus 
primariis quibus ab affinibus differunt, valde congruant, differen- 
tias quas inter se prsebent, ex indole stationis bene esse interpre- 
tendas crederem. G. stygia enim loca inferalpina Norvegise, sub- 
alpina Lapponise et eximie paludosa Rossise arctic® inhabitans, 
staturam sibi prsefert altiorem, culmum sursum scabriusculum, spi- 
cas paulo majores, nec vero ita a proxima G. limosa (vel, si herbam 
adspicias, C. irrigud) diversas, ut rarifloras diceres, fructus denique 
utrinque sequaliter convexos. G. rariflora autem loca summa et 
irrigata alpium praesertim amans, colorem multo fusciorem, cul¬ 
mum magis obtusangulum, herbam minorem, spicasque breviores 
et magis rarifloras, fructusque ob earn causam subtrigono- vel ro- 
tundato-convexos, et rostro paulo evidentiori apiculatos sibi ac- 
quirit.” 
199. C. Magellanica (Lamarck); spicis 3-4 rarissime 
2-5 glauco-ferrugineis, terminali mascula oblonga basi 
attenuata ferruginea vel ssepe basi mascula obovata pe- 
dunculata, reliquis foemineis, ssepe ima basi masculis sub- 
rotundis vel oblongis penclulis approximatis vel infima 
subremota; bractea infima foliacea culmum superante, 
auricula elongata amplectente vel breve vaginante; stig- 
matibus 3; perigyniis orbiculato-obovatis compressis an- 
tice medio gibbis obtusis glaucis papillosis, ore integro, 
utrinque plus minus nervatis stipitatis, squama ovato- 
lanceolata acuminata Isete vel fusco-ferruginea medio tri- 
nervi ssepe concolori demum decidua latioribus brevio- 
ribus.—C. Magellanica, Lam. Lhicycl. iii. 385 (1789); 
Willd. 222; Schk. f. 51; Kunth, 435. C. irrigua, Smith 
in ILoppe Caricol. Icon. 92; Koch, 875; Fries, Mant. 
iii. 140; Anderson, 36. t. 7./. 72; Lang, 90; Drejer, 
jRev. 51; Reich. 17. t. 238 ; Fng. Lot. t. 2895; Carey, 
519; Sartwell, Fxs. n. 61. C. limosa, /3, irrigua. Wahl. 
Act. 161; Kunth , 461; Dewey, x. 41; Tor. Mon. 425. 
C. limosa, 7, irrigata, Wahl. FI. Lap. 243. t. 15./. 2. 
C. paupercula, Mich. 172. C. lenticularis, Dewey, Sill. 
vii. 273. (Tab. CCXVIIL, CCXIX., et CCXX.) 
ILab. In Europa et America septentrionali et australi. 
Lapland to Switzerland. Arctic America to Pennsylvania. 
—Yar. (3, Euegia, Commerson, Captain King, ILombron. 
a. Radix repens, stolonifera : fibris flavidis, lanosis. Culmus 
i-l|-pedafis, triqueter, Levis vel plus minus scaber. Folia 
1-1 i bn. lata, viridia, plana, flaccida, culmo breviora. Bractea 
infima foliacea, ssepe lineam lata, culmo subinde plus duplo 
longior, rarius eo brevior: superiores setacese, auriculis ssepe 
pallidis. Pedunculi setacei, lseves. Spica terminalis mascula, 
4-8 fin. longa, 1 fin. lata, ssepe basi mascula : squamis lanceo- 
latis, acutis, angustioribus. Spicce foeminece 4-8 lin. longse, 
2^-4 fin. latse : ssepius omnes vel una alterave ima basi mas- 
culse: infima rarius subradicalis. Perigynium 1 T V—/- fin- 
longum, 1-1-/ fin- latum, compressum, ancipiti-trigonum : 
nervis ssepe apice evanidis: glaucum, demum ferrugineum, 
granulatum. Achenium 1-1/ fin. longum, / lin. latum. 
ovali-triquetrum, castaneum, angulis pallidioribus, basi styli 
apiculatum. 
A C. limosa differt spicis pluribus, terminalibus vel omnibus 
ssepe basi masculis ; foliis planis, latioribus, flaccidis; bractea 
infima longiore et latiore; squamis ovato-lanceolatis, acumi- 
natis. 
In all, European and American specimens, the female spikes are 
frequently male at base, and, as in C. limosa, the scales are occa¬ 
sionally pallid. 
Hoppe ascribes the name of G. irrigua to Smith, but I am not 
aware on what authority. It is not noticed in the ‘English Elora,’ 
and did not appear in the Supplement of ‘English Botany’ till 1845, 
where Mr. Babington has noticed the existence of male florets at 
the base of the spikes, a character which separates it essentially 
from G. limosa, and which has not been alluded to generally by 
authors. Koch refers to it, and Eries, in his Mantissa, iii., 
alludes to the terminal spike being often “apic e foemineam.” He 
adds: “ Hoc gramen oeconomico respectu summopere insigne, in 
pratis paludosis sylvaticis Suecise occidentalis prcestantissimum 
fcenum oflerens, hac ratione omnes alias Carices longe antecel- 
lens.” 
Drejer (Rev. p. 51) remarks that “ Specimina Americana majora 
et vegetiora sunt, quam ulla Europsea, quae vidi.” As in the case 
of G. livida, Lapland specimens (Tab. CCYIII.) contrast with 
those from America (Tab. CCIX.), but I see no difference as to 
size in some of the Swedish and English specimens. 
In the var. (3 (Tab. CCXX.) the scales are of a deep purple 
colour, but I can see no character to justify its separation from C. 
irrigua, which, if priority of names be an inflexible rule, should 
bear that of Lamarck. M. Spach says, in a note to me, “ Specimina 
in Herb. Mus. Paris sunt 26, quorum 5 a Commersonio lecta 
(1767) ; reliqua legit Hombron ad Portum Eamine (1840)— 
16 = spicis 3. 2 sp. terminali mascula. 
10 = „ 4. 24 „ „ basi mascula. 
Spicse laterales ssepe ima basi mascuhe. Differentiae magni mo- 
menti inter hsec et O. irriguam arcticam sane vix ullae statuendse. 
Squamae rigidiores, atro-sanguineae ; perigynium papillosum, anci¬ 
piti-trigonum, ut in G. irrigua .” 
In my own herbarium I have five specimens, collected in Cap¬ 
tain King’s voyage, three of which have four spikes and two have 
five, all “basi masculae;” the culm scabrous, as is frequently the 
case in American specimens. 
I have adopted the name of Lamarck, as I cannot see any spe¬ 
cific distinction between the Euegian and the European and Ame¬ 
rican plant; but I have described the last as the typical form, 
as most generally known, giving a figure of the first as a var. (3 
(Tab. CCXX.). 
200. C. monostachya (Richard); spica simplici andro- 
gyna apice mascula fusco-ferruginea albo variegata nuda; 
stigmatibus 2-3; perigyniis ( immaluris ) ovalibus vel 
obovatis longe cylindrico-rostratis, rostro superne albo- 
hyalino, ore obliquo ciliolato, marginibus superne scabris 
pallidis enerviis, squama lanceolata inferne fusco-ferru¬ 
ginea apice conspicue albo-membranacea ciliolata angus¬ 
tioribus brevioribusque.—C. monostachya, Rich. FI. 
Abyss, ii. 512. Uncinia digyna, Hochstetter in Schim- 
per FI. Fxs. Abyss, n. 687 ( Un. Itin. 1842). C. para¬ 
sitica, Kunze,p. 83. (Tab. CCXXI.) 
Hab. In Abyssinia, in monte Simensi Silpe, ad fines 
et supra fines arborum et fruticum, Un. Itin. 1842. In 
turfosis montium omnium Simensium, alt. 11-13,000 
ped., Schimper, 1845, Herb. Mus. Fans. “Nulla inter 
Abyssinia; Carices tarn alte ascendit.” 
Csespitosa. Radix fibris crassis sublignosis, pallidis. Culmus 
sub-ll-pcdalis, acutangulus, firmus, scaberrimus, basi folia- 
tus, rudimentisque foliorum lucidis fuscis rigidis tectus. 
Folia 12-2 fin. lata, sub-bipedalia, plana, carinata, rigida. 
