140 
ILLUSTRATIONS OP THE GENUS CAREX. 
nervo viridi subsequantibus vel paulo longioribus.—C. 
pallescens, I.; Leers, 203, t. 15, f. 4; Good, in Linn. 
Trans, ii. 186; Wald. Act. 161; Witld. 291; Schk. 
f. 99; Kunlh, 458 ; FI. Fan. t. 1080; Smith, FI. Br. 
989; Fng. Bot. t. 2185 ; Fng. FI. 105; Gaud. Afr. 156, 
et Helv. 91; Kocli, 880 ; Bertol. 102 ; Reich, t. 251; 
Lange, 103; Anders. 32, t. 7, f. 78; FI. Ross. 306; 
Gren. et Godr. 407 ; Steud. 227 ; Dewey, Sill. vii. 267 ; 
Tor. et Scho. 354; Tor. Cyp. 427 ; Carey, 521; Sartwell, 
Exs. n. 81. C. undulata, Kunze, 23 et 203, 7.4,/. 2 ; 
Steud. 227. (Tab. CCCCL.) 
Hab. In Europa, Asia, America septentrionali.— 
Lapland to Italy, Caucasus, Baikal, Arctic America to 
Pennsylvania. 
Radix fibrosa. Culmus l-H-pedalis, triqueter, firmus, 
scaber, apice pilosus, basi foliatus; pars spicigera plerumque 
1-2| P°lb longa. Folia 1-1 \ lin. lata, culmo breviora, subtus 
vaginisque pilosa. Bract eat evaginatse, vel infimre, subinde 
sterilis, 1-24 poll- remota breve vaginata. Vagina 1-5 lin. 
longa. Pedunculus infimus 3-10 lin. vel rarius radicalis 5 poll, 
longus. Spicula mascula 1, rarissime 2, 4-9 lin. longa, lineam 
lata, subsessilis vel breve pedunculata, pallide fulva, feminese, 
rarius apice masculse, 3—10 lin. longse, 2—3 lin. latse, erectse, 
vel infima nutans. Squamae masculse imbricatse, obtusse vel 
acutse. Perigynium 1-V—A bn. longum, x %— r 7 _ lin. latum, 
obtuse triquetrum, ssepe erostellatum, obtusum, aehenium 
laxe vestiens, nervis concoloribus. Aehenium p (T lin. longum, 
g 0 -K bn. latum, obovatum, triquetrum, ferrugineum, punc- 
tatum, basi styli sequali apiculatum; angulus tertius in- 
trorsus. 
The specimens figured are— 
1. Prom Scotland. 
2. Rhode Island, North America. 
321. C. Pseudo-cyperus (L.); spicis 4-6 rarius 3-7 
oblongis vel cylindricis, mascula 1 (rarius 2-3) subinde 
apice vel medio vel apice medio et basi feminea ferru- 
ginea, reliquis femineis rarius apice masculis olivaceo- 
viridibus crassis multifloris pedunculatis approximates 
evaginatis vel infima vel inferioribus remotis vaginatis 
longe exserte pedunculatis nutantibus vel pendulis una 
alterave rarius basi composita; bracteis inferioribus latis 
longissimis ; stigmatibus 3; perigyniis ovato- vel ovali- 
lanceolatis plus minus e latere visis arcuatis insequaliter 
obtuse trigonis rostratis bicuspidatis ventricosis glabris 
rarius superne dentatis costato-nervatis divergentibus 
demum insigniter retroversis stipitatis, squama minima 
lineari vel ovali vel obovata acuta vel truncata longe 
hispido-aristata dorso scabra serrato-ciliata albida demum 
ferruginea longioribus vel aristata (ssepe multum breviori- 
bus).—C. Pseudocyperus, Linn. Sp. FI. 1387; Pollich, 
588 : Villars, 217 ; Roth, 451; Retz, 221; Wahl. Act. 
161; Witld. 295 ; Kunth, 501; Schk. mss. Sprengel, 825; 
Link, 361; Gaudin, 175 ; Koch, 886; Dec. FI. Fr. 128 ; 
Cosson, 604; Grenier, 428 ; FI. Ross. 308 ; Bertol. 148; 
Steud. 241; Andersson, t. 8,/. Ill ; Lange, 132 ; Good, 
in Linn. Trans, ii. 188; Smith, Fr. Brit. 986; Eng. FI. 
101; Eng. Bot. iv. t. 242; Lightf. 559; Bromjield, 571; 
Bentham, 568; Muhl. {ex parte) 253; Tor. Mon. {ex 
parte ) 355; Carey, 531 ; Dewey, Sicc. iv. 348 (1847). 
(Tab. CCCCLI.-CCCCLII.) 
Hab. In Europa, Asia, Africa, America septentrionali. 
—Caucasus, Algeria. 
The several forms which I have associated with O. Pseudo¬ 
cyperus afford a favourable opportunity of judging of the value of 
deviations from a typical form. An analysis of all I have seen 
leads me to the inference that there is no especial character to 
justify a specific difference between them. In habit they are the 
same. To any one familiar with the aspect of the European type, 
the first glance at the North or South American, African, Austra¬ 
lian, Java, or Kashmere plants leads to the belief that they are in¬ 
separable. In the European plant, the male spike is commonly 
solitary, though Yillars describes it as varying from 1 to 3. In 
specimens from Yaldivia and Valparaiso, I observe 2. It is often 
only male at base, or with female florets at the apex, middle, or 
base. In the North and South American plant, we observe the 
same irregularity in the position of the female florets, which are 
very commonly found at the apex of the male spike; and in a 
specimen from Buenos Ayres I observe a solitary female near the 
base of an elongate male spike. 
The female spikes in all are densely flowered, thick, the upper 
approximate, often subsessile or alternate, with more or less elon¬ 
gated peduncles, nutant or pendulous, the lower one often remote 
and vaginate. They are rarely male or sterile at top, and occa¬ 
sionally compound, with one or more small sessile spiculse at 
base. 
Linnaeus, Goodenough, Willdenow, Lightfoot, and Sprengel 
describe the female spikes as geminate ; but Roth, Schkuhr, and 
Gaudin more correctly consider them as solitary, however approxi¬ 
mate. In only one specimen, from Buenos Ayres, have I observed 
anything like gemination; and in this one it is more apparent 
than real, the additional spicula, except perhaps in one of the 
spikes, being sessile at the base of the longer one. 
In the pendent spikes the perigynium is reversed, the apex 
pointed upwards,—a very striking character, common, perhaps, to 
all, as well as to C. Porsteri, Wahl., but not always observable in 
the erect or merely nutant direction of the spikes. 
The perigynium varies in form, length, and breadth, and extreme 
forms present a marked difference ; but we find intermediate pro¬ 
portions in specimens from the same locality. In Chili, the var. 
Lechleri has a perigynium 3-Ay lin. long, and only ^ lin. broad, 
taking the extreme form; while in Brazil it is 2 X ^ lin. long, 
lin. broad. But we find other Chilian specimens with close 
approximations to them both. In the South American speci¬ 
mens, for instance, I find the perigynium varies from ‘2 A to 3 A 
lin. long, x % to A lin. broad; and in the European plant from 
2 X % to 3 lin. long, A to fo bn. broad. 
Smith and Bromfield allude to the rostrum and lacinise being 
rough, and Reichenbach so figures them ; but this is a rare excep¬ 
tion, which I have only observed in a few specimens from Erance 
and Italy. 
The lacinise vary in length. In the European and the North 
and South American plants they are never much elongated, and 
only slightly divergent. In the Australian, they are longer and 
more divergent; and in the var. comosa very long, spreading, and 
curved downwards. 
The female squamse in the European and North American plant 
have a smaller lamina than the South American, Australian, and 
Java forms. They are described by European authors as setaceous, 
linear-lanceolate, subulate, ovate; and I would add, oval-subrotund, 
commonly acute, occasionally obtuse or truncate, even emarginate, 
at first white with a green central scabrous rib, but eventually 
ferruginous, terminating in a long ligulate rough arista, the length 
of which varies, often at the base of the spikes much elongated. 
In the South American, Australian, and Java plants, the lamina is 
longer and broader, commonly ferruginous, with a shorter or longer 
arista, and the outline is an oblong-oval, acute, obtuse, rarely 
truncate or occasionally lanceolate or subrotund, or in the var. 
Lechleri obovate-truncate or occasionally emarginate. In all, from 
the various localities, they are ciliate at top. 
The aehenium in all is triquetrous, oval, with a straight or con¬ 
torted style, except in the Java plant, in which it is subrotund. 
