ILLUSTRATIONS OP THE GENUS CAREX. 
143 
tion. From the habit and the form of the achenium, the affinity 
is, I think, with G. aristata, Br. 
In these Illustrations, p. 22, I quoted C. mirata, Dewey, as a 
synonym of G. aristata, Br., from Dewey (Sill. Journ. xlix. p. 48), 
having referred to his description of G. aristata, Br. (Sill, xxvii. 
(not xxviii.) 240) as applicable to G. mirata. In Wood’s Bot. p. 
7<58 (1861), he quotes C. aristata, Boott, as a synonym of C. mi¬ 
rata, and adds “ but very different .” The fact is that, for a long 
time, he confounded O. aristata, Br., and 0. gigantea, Rudge, with 
C. mirata, as pointed out to me some years ago by Mr. Carey 
from an examination of Herb. Torrey. In Sill. xi. 161, and xxvii. 
240, the true C. aristata, Br., is described ; but in Sill. xlix. p.48 
(1845), where merely the name of G. mirata is first given, he re¬ 
fers to Sill, xxvii. 240, for the description of it, and he gives “ Lake 
Ontario ,” “ Arctic America and “ Georgia ” for its habitats. In 
Wood’s Bot. 593 (1828), he has still “ Lake Ontario” and 
“ Georgia while, in the ed. of Wood, 1861, he confines the ha¬ 
bitat to “ Greece, New York,” erroneously quoting my O. aristata 
as a synonym. Greece is, I believe, on or near Lake Ontario, but 
the Arctic plant mentioned above is G. aristata, Br., and the Georgia 
one is C. gigantea, Rudge. This explanation is necessary to show 
I was correct in my quotation, and to prove that C. aristata, 
Illust. t. 59, is not O. mirata , D. 
326. C. dioica (Linn.) ; spica plerumque dioica, mas- 
cula cylindrica fulva subinde basi feminea, feminea ob- 
longa densiflora, fusco-ferruginea ; stigmatibus 2 ; peri¬ 
gyniis ovatis rostratis, ore hyalino integro antice secto 
demum fisso plano-convexis utrinque valide nervosis 
marginibus scabris horizontaliter patentibus basi spon¬ 
giosis, squama ovata aequilata obtusa rarius acuta fusca 
margine hyalino longioribus. — -C. dioica, Linn. Sp. PI. • 
Good, in Linn. Trans, ii. 139 ; Wahl. Act. 138 ; Vill. 193; 
Willd. 207 ; Sclk. /. 1; Kunih , 368 ; Light, 541 ; 
Gaud. Agr. 70, et Pelv. 26 ; Png. Pot. 543; Png. FI. 
77 ; Koch, 862 ; Dreg. Pev. 16 ; Fries, Sum. 221; An¬ 
ders. 70, t. 3,/. 10; Lange, 14; Peich. 2, t. 294; 
Bert.ol. 34 ; FI. Poss. 264 ( excl. syn. Deiveg) ; Gran, et 
Go dr. 385 ; Steud. 183. C. Linneana, LLort. Gr. t. 77. 
C. lsevis, Lloppe. C. capitata, LLuds. Sat. C. caste- 
riana, Peer {fide Steud.). Maukschia lsevis, lleuff. 
{fide Steud.) (Tab. CCCCLVIII.) 
Hab. In Europa, Asia.—Iceland. Lapland to Italy. 
Ural. Altai. 
Rhizoma laxum, stoloniferum, subinde “ condensatum sub- 
csespitosum ” [Fries, Lange). Culmus 3-12 poll., filiformis, 
teres, lsevis, vel apice scabriusculus. Folia carinato-filiformia, 
culmo breviora, lsevia vel apice scabra. Spica mascula 6-9 
lin. longa, 1 lin. lata, rarius basi flosculis femineis 1-2 vel 
plunbus instructa, vel varie dispesitis, pallide fulva; feminea 
4-6 lin. longa, 3-3 \ lin. lata, fusco-ferruginea. Squamae 
masculse obousse; feminea infima ssepe acuta vel cuspidata. 
Perigynium l-rV - to' lin. longum, x 7 ~ iL lin. latum, plano-con- 
vexum, rostro plus minus longo, ore hyalino integro antice 
secto, facile rupto, basi spongiosum subcordatum, ferrugineum. 
Achenium T % lin. longum, T % lin. latum, ovatum, lenticulare, 
castaneum, basi styli clavata. 
Fries, Andersson, and Lange describe several varieties of this 
common species, all characterized by the presence of female florets 
on the male spike,—the most common one being that with one or 
two at its base. In the var. isogyna they are more numerous. 
Lange alludes to one in which they are variously distributed, 
which I have never seen. The orifice of the perigynium is nor¬ 
mally entire, protracted downwards anteriorly with hyaline mar¬ 
gins ; hut, from its delicate membranous texture, it is easily rent 
on the protrusion of the stigmata, and is then bilobed. The base 
is at first pointed, but, from the deposition of spongy matter late¬ 
rally, it becomes broad and often subcordate. 
The specimens figured are from Sweden. 
327. C. gynocrates (Wormskiold); spica plerumque 
dioica, mascula cylindrica pallide castanea subinde basi 
feminea, feminea oblonga laxiflora pallide ferruginea; 
stigmatibus 2; perigyniis ovalibus vel oblongo-ovatis 
rostratis, ore leviter hyalino bidentato biconvexis ner¬ 
vosis nitidis glabris vel superne ad margines subinde 
scabriusculis patentibus basi crasse spongiosis, squama 
ovata plerumque acuta sequilata pallide ferruginea mar¬ 
gine hyalino paulo longioribus.—C. gynocrates, Worm- 
slciold ; Dreg. Pev. 16 ; Fries, Mant. 3, 134, et Sum. 
22.2; Anders. 71, t. 3 , f. 8; Lange, 18; Kunze, 1.23, 
A 31,/. 1; Steud. 183; Carey, ed. 2, 509. Kobresia 
scirpina, Porn. FI. Dan. t. 1529 {fide Anders.). Ko¬ 
bresia nardina, Horn. Nmcl. FI. Dan. {fide Drejer). C. 
dioica, Carey, ed. 1, 537; Sartwell, Pxs. n. 1. C. 
dioica 7, FI. Poss. G. Redowskiana, Meyer, Cgp. Nov. 
t. 4 ; Kunth, 369 ; Kunze, 126, t. 31,/ 2 ; Steud. 183 ; 
FI. Poss. 265. C. Eischeriana, Gag, Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 2, 
x. 286; Steud. 183. (Tab. CCCCL1X.-CCCCLX.) 
Hab. In Europa, Asia, America septentrionali.—Lap- 
ponia, Norlandia, Eennia. Baikal, FI. Poss. Kam- 
tchatka, Meyer. Greenlandia. New York, U. S. A. 
Rhizoma, culmus, folia ut in C. dioica. Spicula mascula 
4-7 lin. longa, rarius basi flosculis femineis 1-2, vel pluribus 
(in Europa) instructa; feminea 3-6 lin. longa, 2-3 lin. lata, 
laxiflora. Squamce conformes, plerumque acutse, feminese (pe¬ 
rigyniis lapsis) ssepe persistentes, infima ssepe cuspidata, Pe¬ 
rigynium l-V-2 lin. longum, Xj-tV lin. latum, ovale, basi 
subacuto- vel oblongo-ovatum ; rostro plus minus longo ; ore 
minus hyalino nec unquam demum bilobato, biconvexum, pal¬ 
lidum demum ferrugineum. Achenium, r 7 0 - lin. longum, T s 0 - 
lin. latum, obovatum, ferrugineum, basi styli clavata. 
A C. dioica differt spica feminea pauci-laxiflora, pallidiore; 
perigyniis ssepius ovalibus, biconvexis ssepius glabris; squamis 
acutis, inferioribus perigynium subsequantibus; culmo foliis- 
que tenuioribus. 
I mast refer to the observations of Drejer, Fries, Andersson, 
and Lange on this plant, which, in North America, is the represen¬ 
tative of the G. dioica of Europe; and whether it is to merge into 
it I leave to future observers. I have pointed out the apparent 
distinctions between them. In Tab. CCCCLIX. I have figured 
specimens which I- received from Yahl (Greenland) and from 
Fries (Nordlandia), and in Tab. CCCCLX. those from New York 
State, which give a better idea of it. Lange remarks that he had 
never seen the dioicous form of it, though such is the most preva¬ 
lent one in North America,—the existence of one or two female 
florets at the base of the male spike being comparatively rare. 
The only specimen I have seen of G. Redowskiana leads me to 
think it is not distinct. 
328. C. parallela (Somraerfelt); spica dioica, feminea 
lineari basi laxiflora castanea; stigmatibus 2; perigyniis 
ovalibus basi subacutis stipitatis longiuscule rostratis, 
ore hyalino integro antice secto demum fisso plano-con¬ 
vexis marginibus leevibus leviter nervatis adscendentibus 
castaneis, squama ovata obtusa vel acuta longioribus.—■ 
C. parallela, Som. Suppl. FI. Lap. 39 (1826); Fries, 
Sum. 222; Anders. 71, t. 3, /, 9; Lange, 16; Steud. 
183. C. dioica, var. parallela, Last. Act. Polm. (1822). 
2 Q 
