144 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE GENUS CAREX. 
C, dioica, /3, FI. Boss. 264. f3. C. dioica, var. paralle- 
loides, Anders. 71. (Tab. CCCOLXI.) 
Hab. In Europa. — Lapland, Norway. 
Rhizoma ramosum, stoloniferum. Culmus sulcatus, sca- 
briusculus vel laevis. Folia canaliculata, basi conduplicata. 
Spica mascula . . .; feminea 5-7 lin. longa, basi 1 lin. apice 
2 lin. lata. Squamae masculce . . .; feminece margine demum 
lato albo-byalinse. Perigynium 1 lin. longum, fa bn. 
latum. 
Var. (3 ; perigyniis margine scabris. 
Sommei'felfc remarks of this plant:—“ Habitat una cum C. dioica 
in locis madefactis Alpium Lapponiae Lulensis et Nordlandise 
Saltensis copiose. Satis me judice differt a C. dioica. Spica fe¬ 
minea lineari-subsparsiflora (non oblonga) densiflora; fructibus 
ejusdem quidem formse sed longioribus, non superne serrulatis 
nec divaricatis vix patentibus; foliisque canaliculatis subcondu- 
plicatis, non teretibus filiformibus. Culmus semipedalis, Isevis, 
profundius striatus quam in C. dioica. Radix stolonifera, sub- 
csespitosa. Culmi in G. dioica semper magis dispersi.” Lsesta- 
dius says, “ Magna culmorum foliorumque abundantia ex eadem 
surgit radice and Andersson, “ radice stolones magis elongatas 
apice adscendentes agente.” Lang alludes to a variety, “ spicula 
mascula basi vel medio ilore uno alterove femineo intermixta,” 
■which I have not seen, nor is it noticed by others. 
It differs from 0. dioica in its more numerous, ascending, and 
more compact stolons, its stouter culm, coarser leaves, linear 
female spike (which is always subatteuuated and lax-flowered at 
base), its ascending rarely patent perigynium, which is much less 
spongy in texture, with a longer and more attenuated rostrum. 
The specimens figured are from Fries, from Jemptland. 
329. C. Davalliana (Smith) ; spica plerumque dioica, 
mascula cylindrica fulva, feminea oblonga squarrosa basi 
laxiflora subcrassa fusco-femiginea ; stigmatibus 2 ; pe¬ 
rigyniis lanceolato-ovatis, sensim longiuscule rostratis, 
ore hyalino integro antice secto demum fisso plano-con- 
vexiusculis utrinque crebre leviter nervosis marginibus 
dentatis vel glabris demum recurvatis ima basi spongio¬ 
sis, squama ovata acuta vel obtusa fulva vel ferruginea 
margine hyalina angustioribus longioribus.—C. Daval¬ 
liana, Smith, in Linn. Trans, v. 266 (1800) ; FI. Brit. 
964 ; Eng. Bot. t. 2123 ; Willd. 208 ; Schk. Nachtr. 3 ; 
Kunth, 369; Koch, 862; Bertol. 32 ; Lange, 17; Gaud. 
Agr. 71, et Helv. 27 ; Beich. 2, t. 194 ; FI. Boss. 264; 
Steud. 183. C. dioica, Willd. Prod. ; Sch.fi 2 ; Benth. 
Brit. FI. 556. C. dioica, /3, Wahl. Act. 138. C. scabra, 
J-Ioppe. C. reflexa, Gaud. Etr. Maukschia scabra, Heuff. 
(Tab. CCCCLNII.) 
Hab. In Europa et Asia.—Germany to Italy. Sibi- 
ria Altaica, FI. Boss. 
Radix dense ctespitosa. Culmi plures, triquetri, scabri, 3-15 
pollices alti, basi foliati. Folia conduplicato-filiformia, culmo 
breviora, scabra. Spica mascula 7-10 lin. longa, sub lineam 
lata ; feminea; 6-10 lin. longa, 3-4 lin. lata. Squama; ssepius 
acutse; feminea infima subinde cuspidata. Perigynium l T s —2 
lin. longum, At lin. latum, plano-convexiusculum, ima basi prse- 
cipue postice e basi aclienii crasse spongiosum, supra mem- 
brauaceum, demum reflexum. Achenium -% lin. longum, T V 
lin. latum, oblongum, plano-convexum, pallidum, basi styli cla- 
vato-incrassata. 
Variat rarius spica masculis flosculis femineis varie sitis; 
feminea basi vel apice mascula. 
A C. dioica abunde differt radice csespitosa; “ culmorum 
foliorumque csespites densos eclente” (Gaudiri) ; culmo tri- 
quetro, scabro; perigyniis lanceolatis, attenuato-rostratis, re- 
flexis, ima basi spongiosis. 
This species, first noticed by Sherard, and distinguished, as 
Smith remarks, by Davall, was long confounded with C. dioica; 
but, since the date of the paper in the Linnsean Transactions, has 
been considered as distinct, except by Bentham. I have never 
seen it beyond the confines of Europe. It would seem to be most 
abundant in Switzerland, where Gaudin says it is “in paludibus 
ubique vulgatissima.” 
330. C. tenuiflora (Wahlenberg); spica subovata capi- 
tata pallida, e spiculis 3 rarius 4 androgynis basi parce 
masculis subrotundis coarctatis composita, nudis vel in¬ 
fima brevi setaceo-bracteata; stigmatibus 2; perigyniis 
ovatis erostatis vel rostellatis, ore subintegro plano-con- 
vexiusculis glabris vel superne marginibus rarius parce 
dentatis, marginibus subrevolutis pallidis granulatis 
utrinque subvalide vel obsolete nervatis, squama ovata 
obtusa vel acuta pallide ferruginea vel albo-hyalina nervo 
viridi ssepe vix vel paulo longioribus—C. tenuiflora, 
Wahl. Act. Holm. 147 ; FI. Lap. 232; Willd. iv. 228; 
Schk. f. 187; Kunth, 405 ; Fries, Sum. 224 ; Anders. 
59, t. 4i,f. 36 ; Lange, 61; Hooker, FI. Bor. Am. ii. 214 ; 
FI. Boss. 282; Beioey, l. c. 39, 51; Torrey, Mon. 
392, 443; Carey, 543; Sartwell, Exs. n. 31. (Tab. 
CCCCLXIII.) 
Hab. In Europa, Asia, et America septentrionali.— 
In Lapponia, Norvegia, Suecia. In Uralensi, Baikal. 
America arctica. Nova Anglia. 
Ctespitosa. Radix fibrosa. Culmus 6-12-pollicaris, acute 
triqueter, superne scaber. Folia \ lin. lata, culmo breviora. 
Bractea infima rarius spicula longior, setacea. Spica 3-5 lin. 
longa, 2-3 lin. lata. Spicula 3, rarius 4, subrotundse, omnes 
basi parce masculse. Squama masculce obtusse ; feminece supe- 
riores vel omnes ssepe acute. Perigynium ovatum, 1-po lin. 
longum, to-tV lin- latum, vel ovato-lanceolatum, l T 5 o~ro lin. 
longum, fo—io lin. latum, glaucum, plus minus distincte ner- 
vatum, nervis concoloribus, quandoque rostellatum, rostello 
pallide ferrogineo, marginibus postice distinctis, subrevolutis. 
Achenium T 7 o lin. longum, - 5 o l in - latum, obovatum. 
Tries says, “ fructibus nervosis, squamis longioribus and An¬ 
derson, “ enervitus squamas subaquantibus.” These characters 
are variable, the perigynia being more or less distinctly nerved, 
and more or less longer than the obtuse or acute scale. I see no 
other difference between the European and American specimens 
than that, in the last, the scales are generally pale and acute. In 
both the perigynium has occasionally a distinct short cylindric 
rostrum, which is of a pale ferruginous colour, and the upper mar¬ 
gins are sometimes toothed. IA7ahlenberg, to contrast it with O. 
loliacea, speaks of the margins as subacute. They are posteriorly 
distinct and subrevolute. The coarctate spicula), with few male 
florets at their base, the narrow leaves and fibrous root, are the 
essential characters of the species. 
The specimens figured are,— 
n. 1. From Lapland, 
n. 2. New York. 
331. C. trichodes (Steudel); spica simplici apice mas¬ 
cula sub rotunda pauciflora viridi-ferruginea involucrata ; 
stigmatibus 2 ; perigyniis late ovalibus rostratis biden- 
tatis plano-convexis, enerviis marginibus scabris stipitatis 
divergentibus pallidis, squama ovata acuta ferruginea (ad 
basim spicte) longe foliacea multum brevioribus. — C. tri- 
